Table 3 Comparison of demographic and echocardiographic data between pre-and post-ligation in the PDA group, and between pre-ligation in the PDA group and the non-PDA group.

From: Cardiac adaptations to patent ductus arteriosus ligation in preterm infants: a speckle-tracking study

Parameter

Non-PDA group

PDA group

Preoperative

P value (vs non-PDA group)

Postoperative (4–8 h)

Postoperative (24–48 h)

P value (across 3 time points)

Hours after birth at an echocardiogram

   

5 (4, 6)

29 (28, 30)

 

Fluid volume (ml/kg/day)

156 (145–166)

122 (110–140)*

<0.001

165 (150–180)†

139 (126–150)†‡

< 0.001

Mean airway pressure) (mmHg)

8 (8–10)

10 (8–12)

0.38

9 (8–9)

9 (8–10)

0.12

Respiratory severity score

1.9 (1.7–2.6)

2.2 (1.7–2.8)

0.99

2.1 (1.7–2.6)

2.3 (1.7–2.7)

0.25

Vasoactive–inotropic score

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.06

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0.37

Catecholamine, n/N (%)

0/36 (0)

3/32 (9.3)

0.09

1/32 (3.1)

0/32 (0)

0.32

Vasodilator, n/N (%)

0/36 (0)

0/32 (0)

1

0/32 (0)

1/32 (3.1)

1

SBP (mm Hg) at an echocardiogram

68.3 ± 11.3

55.3 ± 15.1*

<0.001

51.4 ± 10.9

55.2 ± 9.0

0.068

DBP (mm Hg) at an echocardiogram

37.1 ± 8.3

28.3 ± 8.3*

<0.001

31.7 ± 7.5

31.4 ± 5.7

0.013

Heart rate (beats/minute) at an echocardiogram

156 ± 12

152 ± 14

0.36

148 ± 16†

144 ± 12†

<0.001

NT-proBNP (pg/ml)

772 (505–1460)

12004 (7963–25319)*

<0.001

 

3551 (2293–5685)†

<0.001

PDA d (mm)

0.0 ± 0.0

2.2 ± 0.8*

0.01

   

LPA EDV (cm/s)

8.9 ± 1.9

25.3 ± 9.0*

<0.001

7.5 ± 4.1†

7.4 ± 3.0†

<0.001

LVDD (mm)

11.8 ± 1.6

14.4 ± 2.5*

<0 .001

11.7 ± 2.4†

12.7 ± 1.8†‡

<0.001

LVEF (M mode) (%)

64.2 ± 6.7

70.9 ± 7.7*

<0.001

58.7 ± 9.0†

60.1 ± 9.1†

<0.001

ESWS (g/cm2)

33.3 ± 9.6

34.4 ± 16.1

0.72

26.9 ± 13.4†

36.2 ± 13.4‡

<0.001

LA/Ao

1.10 ± 0.16

1.62 ± 0.18*

<0.001

1.12 ± 0.16†

1.23 ± 0.17†‡

<0.001

LAVI (ml/kg)

0.71 ± 0.23

1.74 ± 0.51*

<0.001

0.84 ± 0.27†

0.91 ± 0.27†

<0.001

LAEF (%)

56.4 ± 10.7

50.9 ± 13.3*

0.06

49.4 ± 10.7

53.2 ± 10.7

0.09

RVFAC

35.5 ± 9.8

22.3 ± 9.8*

<0.001

30.5 ± 10.8†

35.2 ± 11.4†

<0.001

cTAPSE (%)

38.0 ± 5.5

35.5 ± 6.7

0.09

30.8 ± 7.6

33.6 ± 5.8‡

0.02

SVCF (ml/kg/min)

191 ± 77

202 ± 79

0.61

164 ± 59†

172 ± 39

0.03

AutoStrain

LVGLS 4c

-16.2 ± 2.7

-19.6 ± 3.4*

<0.001

-13.5 ± 3.6†

-15.8 ± 3.5†‡

<0.001

LVGLS 2c

-15.9 ± 3.0

-21.0 ± 3.7*

<0.001

-13.4 ± 3.7†

-15.3 ± 3.6†‡

<0.001

LVGLS 3c

-15.0 ± 2.3

-18.5 ± 3.8*

0.016

-12.1 ± 3.6†

-14.3 ± 2.8†‡

<0.001

LVGLS Av

-15.7 ± 2.3

-19.7 ± 3.3*

<0.001

-12.9 ± 3.5†

-15.1 ± 3.0†‡

<0.001

RVFWSL

-27.6 ± 5.3

-21.3 ± 4.7*

<0.001

-20.7 ± 6.9

-24.7 ± 6.0†‡

<0.001

RV4cSL

-22.7 ± 4.0

-16.6 ± 7.5

0.081

-15.4 ± 9.7

-20.6 ± 3.9†‡

<0.001

LASr

34.8 ± 8.6

31.2 ± 7.8

0.28

24.5 ± 10.3†

31.4 ± 9.7‡

0.003

LAScd

-22.1 ± 7.8

-20.1 ± 7.1

0.36

-16.4 ± 8.3

-17.8 ± 11.3

0.132

LASct

-12.7 ± 7.2

-11.0 ± 7.9*

0.04

-8.0 ± 7.4

-10.5 ± 8.4

0.040

  1. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (%) unless shown otherwise.
  2. Differences between the two groups were analyzed using the unpaired t-test for continuous variables, Mann–Whitney U-test for median values, and Fisher’s exact test for categorical data. Hemodynamic, respiratory, and echocardiographic parameters were compared across the three time points using one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures.
  3. *P < 0.05, versus the non-PDA group and preoperatively in the PDA group; †P < 0.05, versus preoperatively; ‡P < 0.05, versus 4–8 h after surgery.
  4. NT-proBNP values represent measurements taken at three time points: (1) on day 14 in the non-PDA group, (2) within 12 h preoperatively in the PDA group, and (3) within 24–48 h postoperatively in the PDA group.
  5. NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, PDA patent ductus arteriosus, LPA left pulmonary artery, EDV end-diastolic velocity, LVDD left ventricular diastolic dimension, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, ESWS end-systolic wall stress, LA/Ao left atrial diameter to aortic diameter ratio, LAVI left atrial volume index, LAEF left atrial emptying fraction, RVFAC right ventricular fractional area change, cTAPSE corrected tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, SVCF Doppler volumetric measurements of superior vena cava flow, LVGLS left ventricular global longitudinal strain, A4c apical four-chamber view, A2c apical two-chamber view, A3c apical three-chamber view, Av average of A4C, A2C, and A3C measurements, RVFWSL right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain, RV4cSL right ventricular strain including the ventricular septum, LASr left atrial reservoir strain, LASct left atrial contraction strain, LAScd left atrial conduit strain, BW body weight.
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