Fig. 5
Timeline of the significant advances in the field of antigen-specific therapy for autoimmune diseases. In 1960, researchers discovered that encephalitogenic protein can suppress EAE progression. Then researchers tried to use modified autoantigens or MHC conjugated autoantigens to treat animal models of autoimmune diseases. In 1998, researchers have tried to use the DNA coding autoantigens to treat EAE. Afterward, the application of nanomaterials gradually emerged in autoantigens transportation, and antigen-specific therapy has experienced a rapid development over the past 20 years. Some researchers also tried to apply the combination of immunosuppressive factors, autoantigens, and nanoparticles for treatment. In 2021, mRNA-LNP technology has been applied for the first time in autoimmune disease models
