Fig. 6
Approaches to deliver autoantigen for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. (1) Whole antigens, peptides, and APL are administered through subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, oral and inhalation. (2) Autoantigens are transported by microbes such as Lactococcus lactis. (3) Microneedles loading antigens target DC cells in the skin. (4) Autoantigens are delivered by hyperbranched polymers. (5) Nanoparticles for delivering autoantigen or pMHC; (6) Combination of autoantigen, Nanoparticles, and immunosuppressive drugs. (7) Gel vaccine with immunosuppressive drugs. (8) Autoantigen transported by extracellular vesicles. (9) Engineered cells modified by autoantigen specificity. (10) Autoantigen-specific tolerogenic cells adoptive transfer. (11) Gene therapies based on DNA-plasmid coding autoantigens. (12) Gene therapies based on mRNA coding autoantigens. Abbreviations: i.m.= intramuscular injection; i.v. intravenous injection, s.c. subcutaneous injection. (Part of the figure was modified from Servier Medical Art(http://smart.servier.com/), licensed under a Creative Common Attribution 4.0 Generic License. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
