Table 1 Roles of TRICs in regulating different inflammatory diseases

From: Tissue-resident immune cells: from defining characteristics to roles in diseases

Disease type	Specific disease	Cell type	Functions and mechanisms	Prognostic value	Ref.
Autoimmune disease	Psoriasis	CD8⁺TRM cell	Aggravate the skin inflammation by producing IL-17A	Negative	⁴¹⁶
	Psoriasis	CCD4⁺TRM cell	Aggravate the skin inflammation by producing IL-22	Negative	⁴¹⁷
	Vitiligo	CD8⁺TRM cell	Aggravate the skin inflammation by producing TNF-α and IFN-γ	Negative	⁴²⁰
	RA	CD8⁺TRM cell	Promote joint injury and RA recurrence by recruiting circulating effector T cells	Negative	³⁹³
	RA	Tissue-resident macrophages	Attenuate joint inflammation by constructing the intra-articular immunological barrier	Positive	⁴⁰⁷
	PsA	CD8⁺TRM cell	Promote joint injury and RA recurrence by producing IL-17A	Negative	¹⁹
	LN	CD8⁺TRM cell	Aggravate the renal inflammation by producing cytokines	Negative	⁴⁵⁴
	LN	Tissue-resident macrophage	Promote kidney inflammation by recruiting monocytes, and producing cytokines that support the development of autoantibody-producing B cells	Negative	⁴⁵⁶
	ANCA-associated GN	CD8⁺TRM cell	Aggravate the renal inflammation by producing IL-17A	Negative	¹⁰⁶
	MS	CD8⁺TRM cell	Aggravate the brain inflammation by producing cytokines and recruiting autoreactive T cells into the brain	Negative	⁴²⁶
		Microglia	Promote disease progression by producing proinflammatory cytokines or activating T cells	Negative	⁴⁴⁷
		Tissue-resident ILC3	Attenuate neuroinflammation by inducing immune tolerance and inhibiting autoimmune T cells	Positive	⁴³³
		Tissue-resident MAIT cell	Promote disease progression by producing IL-17	Negative	⁴³⁴
	SS	Tissue-resident macrophage	Promote disease progression by inducing proinflammatory T cell-mediated response	Negative	⁴⁵⁷
	SS	CD8⁺TRM cell	Promote disease progression by producing TNF-α and IFN-γ	Negative	⁹⁷
	Vasculitis	Tissue-resident macrophage	Promote disease development by inducing proinflammatory cell infiltration and cytokine production	Negative	⁴⁶⁰
	IBD	CD4⁺TRM cell	Aggregate the bowel inflammation by producing proinflammatory cytokines	Negative	⁴⁴⁹
	IBD	Tissue-resident MAIT cell	Aggravate the bowel inflammation by producing IL-17	Negative	⁴⁵⁰
	Autoimmune cholangitis	CD8⁺TRM cell	Promote disease development by inducing the apoptosis of small bile duct epithelial cells and exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity	Negative	⁹⁵
	Autoimmune hepatitis	CD8⁺TRM cell	\	Negative	⁴⁵¹
Infectious disease	Influenza virus	trNK cell	Make immune responses to infected cells by producing cytokines and cytotoxic molecules	Positive	²⁸⁹
		Tissue-resident macrophage	Defend against influenza infection by producing type I IFN	Positive	⁴⁶⁶
		Tissue-resident ILC1	Defend against influenza infection by producing IFN-γ	Positive	⁴⁸⁴
		Tissue-resident Vγ9Vδ2 T cell	Defend against influenza infection by producing IFN-γ	Positive	⁴⁸⁹
		CD8⁺TRM cell	Defend against influenza infection by producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and cytotoxic molecules	Positive	¹⁵¹
		BRM cell	Defend against influenza infection by producing enhanced antibodies	Positive	⁵⁵
	HSV	CD4⁺TRM cell	Defend against HSV by producing IFN-γ and IL-4	Positive	¹¹⁶
		Tissue-resident macrophage	Defend against HSV by producing proinflammatory cytokines	Positive	⁴⁹⁴
		CD4⁺TRM cell	Defend against HSV by producing IFN-γ	Positive	⁵⁰²
		CD8⁺TRM cell	Defend against influenza infection by producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and cytotoxic molecules	Positive	⁵⁰⁰
	HIV	CD8⁺TRM cell	Defend against HIV by producing IFN-γ and CD107a	Positive	⁵¹⁰
		CD8⁺TRM cell	Defend against HIV by enhancing local humoral immunity	Positive	⁵¹⁴
		Tissue-resident macrophage	Aggravate HIV infection by supporting their persistence	Negative	⁵¹⁹
	HBV	CD8⁺TRM cell	Defend against HBV by producing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2	Positive	¹⁶²
	HBV	Tissue-resident γδT cell	Defend against HBV by producing IFN-γ	Positive	⁵²⁶
	MTB	Tissue-resident macrophage	Defend against MTB by initiating the innate immune response	Positive	⁵³⁸
		Tissue-resident γδT cell	Defend against MTB by producing IL-17	Positive	⁵⁴⁹
		Tissue-resident ILC3	Defend against MTB by initiating the innate immune response	Positive	⁵⁵¹
		CD4⁺TRM cell	Defend against MTB by producing IL-17	Positive	⁵⁴⁷
		Tissue-resident MAIT cell	Defend against MTB by producing IFN-γ and GZMB	Positive	⁵⁵²
	S. pneumoniae	Tissue-resident macrophage	Defend against S. pneumoniae by producing ROS and nitric oxide	Positive	⁵⁵⁶
		Tissue-resident macrophage	Reduce tissue inflammation by clearing apoptotic PMN during the S. pneumoniae infection	Positive	⁵⁵⁸
		Tissue-resident ILC3	Defend against S. pneumoniae by producing IL-17 and IL-22	Positive	⁵⁶²
		Tissue-resident γδT cell	Maintain tissue homeostasis during the resolution phase after infection	Positive	⁵⁶¹
		BRM cell	Defend against S. pneumoniae by inducing humoral responses	Positive	⁵⁸
		CD4⁺TRM cell	Defend against S. pneumoniae by producing IL-17	Positive	⁵⁶⁵
		CD8⁺TRM cell	Defend against S. pneumoniae by producing IFN-γ	Positive	⁵⁶⁸
	S.aureus	Tissue-resident macrophage	Defend against S.aureus by producing ROS and nitric oxide	Positive	⁵⁵⁴
	S.aureus	CD4⁺TRM cell	Defend against S.aureus by producing IL-17 and IFN-γ	Positive	⁵⁷³
	Malaria	CD8⁺TRM cell	Eliminate parasite-infected hepatocytes by producing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2	Positive	⁷³⁷
	Leishmaniasis	CD4⁺TRM cell	Defend against parasites by producing IFN-γ and recruiting inflammatory monocytes and circulating T cells	Positive	⁵⁸³
	Leishmaniasis	Tissue-resident macrophage	Produce anti-inflammatory cytokines and promote parasite growth	Negative	⁵⁸⁹
Transplantation	Lung transplant	CD8⁺TRM cell	\	Positive	⁷¹⁹
	Lung transplant	Tissue-resident macrophage	Produce inflammatory cytokines to activate immune responses against allograft	Negative	⁷¹⁹
	Skin transplant	TRM cell	\	Negative	⁷²¹
	Kidney transplant	CD8⁺TRM cell	\	Negative	⁷²³

TRM tissue-resident memory T, BRM tissue-resident memory B, ILC innate lymphoid T, MAIT mucosal-associated invariant T, trNK tissue-resident natural killer, IFN-γ interferon-γ, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, GZMB granzyme B, RA rheumatoid arthritis, PsA psoriatic arthritis, LN lupus nephritis, ANCA-associated GN anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis (GN), MS multiple sclerosis, SS Sjögren′s syndrome, IBD immune bowel disease, HSV herpes simplex virus, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, HBV hepatitis B virus, MTB mycobacterium tuberculosis, S. pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus, PMN polymorphonuclear neutrophil

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Table 1 Roles of TRICs in regulating different inflammatory diseases

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