Fig. 2 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 2

From: Landscape of small nucleic acid therapeutics: moving from the bench to the clinic as next-generation medicines

Fig. 2

Timeline of milestones from the discovery of small nucleic acid drugs to their clinical use. The development of nucleic acid therapeutics has been marked by considerable technological advances, pivotal drug approvals, and notable setbacks. A timeline highlighting crucial breakthroughs depicts the evolution from foundational research to clinical application. As the performance of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) has improved, the scope of therapeutic opportunities has broadened, now encompassing both rare and common diseases and virtually any delivery route. The bar graph illustrates the number of clinical trials for small activating RNAs (saRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) over the years. Each bar represents the beginning of enrollment recorded in the ClinicalTrials.gov database, providing a clear picture of the growing momentum in nucleic acid therapeutic research (up to the middle of 2024). RSV respiratory syncytial virus, RNA RNA interference, HCV hepatitis C virus, LNA locked nucleic acid, GalNAc N-acetylgalactosamine

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