Table 1 An overview of features of different tissue macrophage populations

Erythroblastic island macrophage

Bone marrow

HSCs-derived myeloid progenitors

F4/80⁺ EPOR⁺

Support for the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of erythroid precursor cells

^155,157

Osteoclasts

Bone marrow,spleen, blood

Embryonically derivation fused with nuclei from HSC-derived macrophages

TRAP⁺

Bone resorption and remodeling via releasing proteolytic enzymes and acids

^{81,157,164,165}

Osteal macrophages(OsteoMacs)

Bone

/

F4/80⁺ CD68⁺ CD169⁺

Regulation of osteoblasts’ activity and the bone matrix’s mineralization immune surveillance support for the hematopoiesis

^{170,171,172,173,174,175}

Alveolar macrophages

Lung

Yolk sac EMPs

CD11c⁺ SiglecF⁺ CXC3R1⁻

Clearance of pulmonary surfactant phagocytosis of inhaled particles immunosurveillance

^{12,130,186,187,188,189}

Lung interstitial macrophages

Lung

Monocytes in the embryonic period/adulthood

CXC3R1⁺ CD11b⁺ SiglecF^-

Immune surveillance

^17,194

Kupffer cells

Liver

Yolk sac EMPs

F4/80⁺ CLEC4F⁺ TIM4⁺

Clearance of cellular debris, senescent cells and pathogens from the blood promotion of immune tolerance; regulation of systemic metabolism of iron and lipids

^12,186,205

Liver capsular macrophages

Liver

Monocytes

F4/80⁺ CX3CR1⁺ MHCII⁺

Neutrophil recruitment; immune surveillance

^201,207

Cardiac macrophages (TIMD4 cluster)

Heart

Yolk sac and fetal liver progenitors

TIMD4⁺ LYVE1⁺ MHC-II^low CCR2^-

Maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of the heart via regulating inflammation, fibrosis and tissue repair

^{209,210,211,212,213}

Pericardial macrophages

Heart

/

Gata6⁺ or MHCII⁺

Regulation of cardiac damage and prevention of fibrosis after myocardial infarction;antigen presentation

^208,214

Red pulp macrophages

Spleen

Yolk sac and fetal liver progenitors

F4/80⁺ VCAM1⁺ CD11b^Low

Clearance of senescent red blood cells, platelets and other cells from the blood

^1,12,27,216

Marginal zone metallophilic macrophages

Spleen

Adult bone marrow/blood monocytes

CD169⁺

Interaction with the antibody producing B lymphocytes and DCs

^220,221

Marginal zone macrophages

Spleen

Adult bone marrow/blood monocytes

MARCO⁺ SIGNR-1⁺

Antigen capture

²²²

White pulp macrophages

Spleen

Adult bone marrow/blood monocytes

CD68⁺ F4/80^-

Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic B cells

^130,222

Sinusoidal macrophages

Lymph nodes

/

CD169⁺

Activation of B and T lymphocytes via delivering captured antigens to DCs

^130,223

Lamina propria macrophages

Intestine

Mainly adult bone marrow Blood monocytes

CD64⁺ MHC-II^hi CD206⁺

Phagocytosis of surrounding material (such as apoptotic cells); antigens collection; support for epithelial stem cell proliferation; induction of microbiota-specific regulatory T Cells

^{226,227,228,229,230,231,233}

Intestinal macrophages

Intestine

/

TIM4⁺ MHCII⁺

Maintenance of intestinal movement; support for the growth and function of neuronal bodies in the enteric nervous system as well as blood vessels

^{1,227,228,235,236,237,238,239}

Microglia

Brain

Yolk sac EMPs

F4/80⁺ CX3CR1⁺ CD11b⁺

Immune sentinel functions, maintenance of brain homeostasis via scavenging apoptotic cells as well as regulating neurogenesis and synaptic activity

^{71,131,186,240,242,259,260,261,262}

Brain perivascular macrophages

Brain

Yolk sac EMPs, monocytes

/

Regulation of CSF flow dynamics; promotion of proper dynamics of the ECM

^242,265,266

Skeletal muscle macrophages

Skeletal muscle

Embryonic and bone marrow precursors

CD11b⁺ F4/80⁺ CD64⁺

Maintenance of tissue homeostasis; promotion of muscle growth and regeneration

²⁷¹

Kidney-resident macrophages

Kidney

Yolk sac EMPs

CD64⁺ F4/80⁺ CD11c⁺

Monitor and clearance of macromolecules(such as circulating Immune complex); promotion of renal vascular and ureteric bud branching development

²⁷⁶

White adipose tissue macrophages

Lean white adipose tissue

Yolk sac EMPs

F4/80⁺ CD11b⁺ CD206⁺

Regulation of lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses and energy expenditure in adipose tissue

^3,12

Langerhans cells

Skin

Yolk sac EMPs

/

Regulation of immune defense system; maintenance of skin homeostasis

^{80,240,286,291,293,299,300,301}