Table 2 The molecules/signaling pathways critical for organ tropisms
From: Invasion and metastasis in cancer: molecular insights and therapeutic targets
Distal seeding organ | Primary cancer type | Key cellular participants | Signaling molecules/pathway/mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bone | Prostate | Osteocyte | GDF15, CCL2, RANKL | |
Breast | Osteoclast | CXCR4, RANKL | ||
Breast | Osteoblast | CXCL12, RANKL, PTHrP | ||
Prostate/breast/kidney | Osteoclast | RANK, RANKL, OPG | ||
Prostate | Osteoclast | NRP2 | ||
Lung | Osteoclast | CXCR4, VCAM1, ADAM17 | ||
Lung | Osteoclast | IL-20 | ||
Lung/colon | Macrophage | NF-κB, STAT3/CCL5 | ||
Lung | Macrophage | CSF-1 | ||
Lung | ECM | MMP14 | ||
Kidney | RCC | PLOD2/ hypoxia | ||
Colon | Bone niche | BMPs, TGF-β, WNT | ||
Brain | Breast | Endothelium | MUC1, VCAM1, VLA-4 | |
Breast | Neurons | Glutamate | ||
Breast | Brain niche | Fatty acid | ||
Breast/lung | Blood brain barrier | Tight junction degradation | ||
Breast/lung | Vasculature | VEGF | ||
Breast | Astrocyte Pericyte | S1PR3, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β | ||
Liver | Pancreatic | Kupffer cells, Hepatic stellate cells (HepSCs) | TGF-β, VEGF, Fibronectin | |
Breast | Hepatocytes | αvβ3 integrin | ||
Breast | Kupffer cells, Hepatic stellate cells (HepSCs) | Claudins | ||
Lung | Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells | EGFRmutated | ||
Lung | Kupffer/Neutrophils, | E-/P-selectin,VCAM1 | ||
Colon | Kupffer cells, Hepatic stellate cells (HepSCs) | KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, microsatellite instability | ||
Melanoma | Kupffer cells, Hepatic stellate cells (HepSCs) | Monosomy 3 | ||
Lung | Breast | Tenascin C | Notch | |
Melanoma | Endothelium | SPARC, VCAM1 | ||
Breast/ melanoma | Actin | CXCR4, CCR7 | ||
Breast | Macrophage | cGAS–STING, CCL5, CCL7 | ||
Breast | Neutrophil | STC1 | ||
Breast | Monocyte | acetyl-CoA, NF-κB | ||
Breast | Neutrophil | Fatty acid, lipid metabolism | ||
kidney | Renal cell | PRMT2, WNT5A | ||
Breast/ kidney | Lung niche | EVs |
