Table 4 Therapeutic strategies targeting organ-specific metastasis

Bone

Monoclonal antibody

Osteoclast and osteoblast

RANKL, αv integrin, and VEGFR

^{369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377}

ADT

Prostate cancer cells

Androgen receptor

^{381,382,383,384,385}

Bisphosphonates

Osteoclast

Hydroxyphosphonite

^386,387

Radioisotopes

Cancer cells

Lead to ionization, generation of free radicals, and DNA strand breaks

^392,393

Brain

Surgical intervention

/

/

^403,404

Targeted drug

Cancer cells

EGFR, ALK, HER-2, BRAF, MEK, and NRAS

^{288,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423}

Liver

Surgical intervention

/

/

^{424,425,426,427,428}

SBRT

Cancer cells

Induces DNA damage and fragmentation

⁴²⁹

Chemotherapy

Cancer cells

Inhibit tumor growth or destroy tumors by chemical agents

^{431,432,433,434}

Anti-angiogenic therapy

Endotheliocyte

VEGF

^435,436

Immunotherapy

Immune cells

Enhance the capacity of immune system to accurately identify and eradicate cancer cells

⁴⁴⁰

Lung

Surgical intervention

/

/

¹⁸⁹

Chemotherapy

Cancer cells

Inhibit tumor growth or destroy tumors by chemical agents

^272,441,442

Targeted therapy

Cancer cells

PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NLRP3, AMOTL2/LATS/YAP, c-Src, Akt, c-MYC/Nrf2, SDC4-TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, and NGF

^{447,449,450,451,452,453,454,455}

Lymph node

Surgical intervention

/

/

^265,456

Radiotherapy

Cancer cells

Induces DNA damage and fragmentation

^457,458

Targeted therapy

Cancer cells

AKT/mTOR, VEGF, RING1, YY1, Wnt/β-catenin/Slug, MEOX1, RPRD1B, and c-Jun/c-Fos/SREBP1

^{462,464,465,470,471,472,473,474}