Fig. 4 | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

Fig. 4

From: Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives

Fig. 4

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members and their receptors. Binding of VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D, and PlGF with their respective receptors, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3, highlighting the primary receptor specificities. VEGF-A binds VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, VEGF-B and PlGF selectively interact with VEGFR1. VEGFR2 is the primary mediator of VEGF-A-driven angiogenesis, also binding VEGF-C. VEGFR3 predominantly binds VEGF-C and VEGF-D, regulating lymphangiogenesis. This binding schematic illustrates the selective affinities of VEGF family members for their receptors and their distinct roles in vascular and lymphatic regulation. Additionally, VEGF-B is depicted as a metabolic regulator that acts through VEGFR1, while PlGF is shown to modulate inflammation and vascular homeostasis. Created in BioRendender.com

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