Fig. 1

Etiological triggers of disease onset. Various factors, such as a high-fat diet, smoking, viral and bacterial infections, and genetic defects, can disrupt immune cell function and disturb immune homeostasis, resulting in various diseases, including cancer, aging, autoimmune diseases, NDDs, CVDs, etc. Lipid metabolism (e.g., FAs cholesterol, BAs phospholipids, glycolipids, and triglycerides) affects immune cell proliferation, differentiation, and the release of inflammatory mediators. Modulation of lipid metabolism may effectively mitigate the progression of these diseases. Created in BioRender