Fig. 7

Drug-mediated immune cell differentiation in various disorders. a Drugs reprogram CD4⁺ T cell differentiation into Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg subsets, thereby modulating immune responses across a range of diseases. b Drugs influence B cell maturation, antibody production, and Breg differentiation, thus regulating humoral immunity. c Drugs induce macrophage polarization into M1 or M2 phenotypes, shaping inflammatory responses and contributing to tissue homeostasis under diverse pathological conditions. d Drugs regulate neutrophil activation, NETosis (both lytic and non-lytic), and effector functions, offering therapeutic strategies for neutrophil-driven inflammation. Lipid metabolism-targeting drugs modulate cytokine and chemokine production via immune cell reprogramming, suggesting their potential in disease prevention and treatment. Created in BioRender