Table 2 Targeting lipid metabolism to regulate immune cells for disease treatment
Categories | Treatments | Animal models/patients | Diseases | Mechanisms of action | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FAs | Butyrate | Arthritic mice | RA | AhR+ Breg (+); GC B cell (-) | |
Butyrate | Imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice | Psoriasis | Treg, IL-10 (+); IL-17, IL-6 (-) | ||
Propionate | MS patients; EAE mice | MS | Treg (+); Th1, Th17 (-) | ||
Acetate/Butyrate | NOD mice | T1DM | Treg (+); IL-21, B cell (-) | ||
Acetate | Colitis; Arthritis; Asthma mice | Inflammatory responses | Neutrophil, GPR43 (+) | ||
Propionate/Butyrate | Rat | Inflammation | Neutrophil, L-selectin, CINC-2αβ (+) | ||
Butyrate | DSS-induced murine colitis | IBD | Neutrophil, NET (-) | ||
N-3 PUFAs | NOD mice | T1DM | Treg, Th2 (+); Th1, Th17, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-6, TNF-α (-) | ||
Palmitic acid | Obesity mice | Obesity | Macrophage, MD2-TLR4 (+) | ||
Oleic acid | MS patients | MS | Foxp+ Treg FAO-oxidative phosphorylation (+) | ||
S1PR modulators | FTY720 | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in LEW rats; SJL/J mice | MS | CD4+ T cell (-) | |
FTY720 | Patients with MS | MS | Th17, RORC2+, IL-17 (-) | ||
FTY720 | MP4-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis | MS | T cell, B cell (-); TLO (+) | ||
FTY720 | TNBS induced colitis mice | IBD | Th1 (-); Treg, IL-10, TGF-β, CTLA4 (+) | ||
FTY720 | LDLR-deficient mice | Atherosclerosis | M1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ (-); M2, T cell (+) | ||
PPARs agonists | Pioglitazone | Human lupus and control PBMCs | SLE | CD4+ T cell (-) | |
Bezafibrate | C57BL/6 N and BLAB/c mice with tumor | Cancer | FAO, Oxidative phosphorylation, Glycolysis, Cpt1, Bcl2 (+) | ||
Statins | Simvastatin | PBMCs from SLE patients | SLE | Th17, IL-17, IL-21, RhoA-ROCK (-) | |
Simvastatin | Relapsing remitting MS; MOG (35-55) induced mice | MS | Th1, Th17, IL-6, IL-12, RANTES, MIP-1β (-) | ||
Atorvastatin | Cecum ligation and puncture-induced lung injury mouse model | Sepsis | Neutrophil, ERK/NOX2, NETosis (-) | ||
Atorvastatin | Chronic and relapsing EAE | MS | Th2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TGF-β (+); Th1, IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MHC-II (-) | ||
Fluvastatin | EAM was induced in Lewis rats by immunization with myosin | Myocarditis | Th1, IFN-γ, IL-2 (-) | ||
Liposome-encapsulated pravastatin | Murine B16F10-melanoma | Cancer | M-CSF, IGF-II, IL-1α, IL-1β, Leptin, IL-6, TNF-α (-); MHC-I (+) | ||
Lovastatin, Simvastatin, Mevastatin | PBMC obtained from untreated or IFN beta-1-treated patients with relapsing-remitting MS | MS | MMP9, Th1/Th17 (-) | ||
Rosuvastatin, Fluvastatin, Pitavastatin | Cytotoxic CD4 T cells from acute coronary syndrome patients | Acute coronary syndrome | ERK (+); CD69, TRAIL (-) | ||
sEH inhibitors | TPPU | LPS-induced inflammation | AD | β amyloid (-); Synaptic integrity (+) | |
TPPU | Lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis mice models | Pulmonary diseases | EET (+); MAPK/NF-κB, P450 oxidases/she (-) | ||
TPPU | Human subjects with chronic knee pain; Osteoarthritis model | Osteoarthritis | 8,9-DHET, 14,15-DHET (-) | ||
Wedelolactone | LPS-induced acute lung injury | Acute lung injury | GSK3β, NF-κB, Nrf2 (-) | ||
A20 | Neuropathic pain in rat model induced by spared nerve injury | Neuropathic pain | / |
