Table 1 Demographics, clinical characteristics, and secondary measures at baseline.

From: Examining immune-inflammatory mechanisms of probiotic supplementation in depression: secondary findings from a randomized clinical trial

 

Probiotics group

Placebo group

Group comparison

Demographic

(n = 19)

(n = 24)

 

 Age

39.21 (11.53)

38.04 (10.24)

W = 238.5, p = 0.81

 Sex, n (%; female)

14 (74)

12 (50)

χ2(1) = 1.60, p = 0.21

 BMI

23.83 (3.66)

25.13 (4.01)

W = 177, p = 0.30

 Compliance rate

87 (8.44)

88 (8.17)

W = 186, p = 0.84

Depression severity

 HAMD-17

19.13 (4.89)

16.5 (4.18)

W = 311, p = 0.04

 BDI-II

21.53 (7.59)

22.31 (9.94)

W = 218.5, p = 0.96

Medication (DDD)

 Antidepressant equivalents

1.86 (1.30)

1.82 (1.12)

W = 227, p = 0.99

 Antipsychotic equivalents

0.33 (0.71)

0.24 (0.31)

W = 241, p = 0.76

Clinical measures

 N of hospitalizations

2.29 (1.48)

1.85 (1.23)

W = 210.5, p = 0.32

 STAI 1

49 (14.11)

51.83 (10.61)

W = 191, p = 0.68

 GSRS

28.16 (9.65)

29.96 (12.79)

W = 211.5, p = 0.87

Blood measures

Immune-inflammatory markers

(n = 18)

(n = 22)

 

 IL-1βa

0.002 (0.003)

0.001 (0.001)

W = 73.5, p = 0.49

 IL-6a

0.098 (0.076)

0.104 (0.081)

W = 166, p = 0.86

 MIFa

169.15 (88.84)

251.19 (106.21)

W = 250, p = 0.01

 CRPb

1.78 (1.36)

1.11 (0.82)

W = 110, p = 0.08

Gut-related hormones

 Ghrelina

7.92 (6.26)

8.43 (5.99)

W = 191, p = 0.72

 Leptinb

0.014 (0.013)

0.01 (0.011)

W = 103, p = 0.24

Saliva measures

Cortisol

(n = 17)

(n = 21)

 

 Evening cortisolc

1.03 (1.09)

1 (0.37)

W = 136, p = 0.80

 Waking cortisolc

6.55 (3.72)

8.05 (4.36)

W = 120, p = 0.41

 CARc

7.09 (6.86)

7.99 (5.71)

W = 145, p = 0.99

Appetite measures

(n = 19)

(n = 24)

 

 Satiety

4.76 (2.73)

4.55 (2.72)

W = 164, p = 0.87

 Hunger

4.29 (2.28)

5 (2.64)

W = 193.5, p = 0.48

 Feeling of fullness

2.35 (1.93)

3.35 (2.62)

W = 207, p = 0.23

 Desire to eat

3.82 (2.65)

5.05 (2.91)

W = 212.5, p = 0.20

  1. Measures are presented as mean (SD) unsless stated otherwise. BMI Body mass index, HAMD-17 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 17-item, BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory 2nd edition, DDD Defined Daily Dose, STAI 1 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 1, GSRS Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, IL Interleukin, MIF Macrophage Inhibitory Factor, CRP C-reactive Protein, CAR Cortisol Awakening Response. ain pg/ml, bin mg/l, cin nmol/l.
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