Fig. 3: Flow chart summarising the molecular changes that have been reported in the LHb in preclinical models of depression. | Translational Psychiatry

Fig. 3: Flow chart summarising the molecular changes that have been reported in the LHb in preclinical models of depression.

From: The disappointment centre of the brain gets exciting: a systematic review of habenula dysfunction in depression

Fig. 3

Excitatory changes are shown in green, inhibitory changes are shown in red and the endocannabinoid system, a neural system influencing both inhibitory and excitatory systems, is shown in orange. Circles in grey illustrate the key efferent projections of the Hb of relevance to depression. AEA anandamide, AMPA α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoldpropionic acid, ßCaMKII ß calmodulin-dependent kinase II, DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Glu glutamate, GABA gamma aminobutyric acid, IL-4 interleukin-4, IL-6 interleukin-6, IL-1ß interleukin-1ß, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, Kir4.1 inward rectifying potassium 4.1 channel, LHb lateral habenula, nNOS neuronal nitric oxide, NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate, TNF-α tumour necrosis factor α, 2-AG 2- arachidonoylglycerol → activation, inhibition.

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