Table 1 Characteristics of the study population.

From: Associations between biomarkers of inflammation and depressive symptoms—potential differences between diabetes types and symptom clusters of depression

Characteristics

Total

T1D

T2D

P

n

 

706

454

 

Study

 DIAMOS

340 (27.6)

211 (29.9)

109 (24.0)

<0.001

 ECCE-HOMO

244 (21.0)

159 (22.5)

85 (18.7)

 DDCT

203 (17.5)

132 (18.7)

71 (15.6)

 DIA-LINK1

204 (17.6)

204 (28.9)

0

 DIA-LINK2

189 (16.3)

0

189 (41.6)

Diabetes type

 Type 1 diabetes

706 (60.9)

706 (100.0)

/

<0.001

 Type 2 diabetes

454 (39.1)

/

454 (100.0)

Age (years)

44.9 ± 13.9

38.8 ± 13.0

54.3 ± 9.3

<0.001

Sex, females (%)

611 (52.7)

421 (59.6)

190 (41.9)

<0.001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

29.7 ± 7.2

26.1 ± 4.9

35.3 ± 6.6

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

8.9 ± 1.7

8.9 ± 1.7

9.2 ± 1.7

<0.001

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

73.6 ± 18.5

71.4 ± 18.5

77.0 ± 18.0

<0.001

Time since diagnosis of diabetes (years)

14.9 ± 10.2

16.6 ± 11.3

12.2 ± 7.5

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

193.5 ± 49.8

195.9 ± 42.2

189.8 ± 59.5

0.044

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

162.7 ± 149.4

117.2 ± 92.4

233.4 ± 188.7

<0.001

Lipid-lowering drugs (%)

301 (25.9)

89 (12.6)

212 (46.7)

<0.001

NSAIDs (%)

22 (1.9)

13 (1.8)

9 (2.0)

1

Antithrombotic drugs (%)

195 (16.8)

54 (7.6)

141 (31.1)

<0.001

Antidepressant drugs (%)

71 (6.1)

26 (3.7)

45 (9.9)

<0.001

Number of diabetes-related comorbidities

0.9 ± 1.2

0.6 ± 0.9

1.4 ± 1.4

<0.001

Retinopathy (%)

238 (20.5)

144 (20.4)

94 (20.7)

0.958

Diabetes-related chronic kidney disease (%)

106 (9.1)

36 (5.1)

70 (15.4)

<0.001

Polyneuropathy (%)

426 (36.7)

174 (24.6)

252 (55.5)

<0.001

Diabetic foot (%)

55 (4.7)

18 (2.5)

37 (8.1)

<0.001

PAOD (%)

51 (4.4)

14 (2.0)

37 (8.1)

<0.001

Coronary heart disease (%)

91 (7.8)

20 (2.8)

71 (15.6)

<0.001

Myocardial infarction (%)

42 (3.6)

8 (1.1)

34 (7.5)

<0.001

Stroke (%)

27 (2.3)

5 (0.7)

22 (4.8)

<0.001

CES-D

21.9 ± 11.1

21.7 ± 11.1

22.2 ± 11.3

0.400

  1. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) and n (%) were reported for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.
  2. Diabetes-related comorbidities include retinopathy, diabetes-related chronic kidney disease, polyneuropathy, diabetic foot, PAOD, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction and stroke (max. 8).
  3. CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, DDCT Depression and Diabetes Control Trial, DIA-LINK 1/2 Towards a Better Understanding of Diabetes Distress, Depression and Poor Glycaemic Control in T1D/T2D, DIAMOS Diabetes Motivation Strengthening, ECCE HOMO Evaluation of a Stepped Care Approach to Manage Depression in Diabetes, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PAOD peripheral arterial occlusive disease, T1D type 1 diabetes, T2D type 2 diabetes.
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