Fig. 5: Effects of a combination of D1 antagonist and BDNF knockdown on N2O-induced addiction.

A Effects of a combination of D1 antagonist and BDNF knockdown on N2O-induced CPP behaviors in mice (n = 6 / group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001 and ns is not significant. B Graphic abstract. Putative mechanisms of addictive effects of N2O. (BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor, c-Fos Fos proto-oncogene, CREB cAMP response element-binding protein, DA dopamine, D1R dopamine 1-like receptor, ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinas, GABA γ-aminobutyric acid neurons, NAc nucleus accumbens, N2O nitrous oxide, NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate neurons, Trkb tropomyosin-related kinase B, VTA ventral tegmental area).