Table 2 Association between sleep-related exposure factors and the risk of ALS-FTSD.

From: Association between sleep and ALS-FTSD: A Prospective Cohort Study based on 396,918 UK biobank participants

 

ALS

FTD

ALS-FTSD

Sleep-related exposure factors

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

HR (95% CI)

p

HR (95% CI)

p

HR (95% CI)

p

HR (95% CI)

p

HR (95% CI)

p

HR (95% CI)

p

G47

2.21 (1.41, 3.46)

<0.001

2.11 (1.34, 3.32)

0.001

1.26 (0.52, 3.07)

0.605

1.04 (0.43, 2.56)

0.925

1.98 (1.33, 2.95)

<0.001

1.81 (1.21, 2.72)

0.004

F51

0 (0, Inf)

1.000

0 (0, Inf)

1.000

0 (0, Inf)

1.000

0 (0, Inf)

1.000

0 (0, Inf)

1.000

0 (0, Inf)

1.000

Sleep durationa

 Normal sleep (7–8 h)

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

 Mild short sleep (6 h)

1.06 (0.90, 1.40)

0.689

1.00 (0.77, 1.31)

0.974

0.77 (0.48, 1.24)

0.283

0.79 (0.50, 1.26)

0.309

0.95 (0.75, 1.20)

0.679

0.95 (0.75, 1.20)

0.681

 Moderate short sleep (5 h)

0.80 (0.43, 1.52)

0.499

0.92 (0.53, 1.59)

0.755

1.36 (0.66, 2.79)

0.407

1.37 (0.68, 2.77)

0.401

0.84 (0.50, 1.42)

0.517

0.91 (0.57, 1.46)

0.689

 Extreme short sleep (<5 h)

2.52 (1.24, 5.09)

0.010

2.59 (1.30, 5.16)

0.018

1.51 (0.37, 6.13)

0.565

1.76 (0.50, 6.24)

0.419

2.03 (1.05, 3.94)

0.036

2.09 (1.09, 3.99)

0.046

 Excessive sleep (>8 h)

1.18 (0.82, 1.70)

0.377

1.14 (0.81, 1.61)

0.461

1.66 (1.02, 2.68)

0.041

1.50 (0.93, 2.43)

0.109

1.26 (0.93, 1.70)

0.135

1.20 (0.90, 1.60)

0.215

 Sleep duration as continuous

1.03 (0.94, 1.13)

0.543

1.03 (0.94, 1.12)

0.588

1.18 (1.02, 1.36)

0.026

1.15 (1.01, 1.32)

0.045

1.06 (0.98, 1.15)

0.126

1.06 (0.98, 1.14)

0.163

Getting up in morning

 Not at all easy

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

 Not very easy

0.60 (0.35, 1.04)

0.068

0.63 (0.36, 1.10)

0.102

0.68 (0.29, 1.63)

0.390

0.77 (0.32, 1.85)

0.565

0.59 (0.37, 0.95)

0.028

0.64 (0.40, 1.02)

0.060

 Fairly easy

0.54 (0.33, 0.89)

0.014

0.60 (0.37, 0.99)

0.044

0.54 (0.25, 1.19)

0.125

0.69 (0.31, 1.52)

0.350

0.53 (0.35, 0.81)

0.003

0.61 (0.40, 0.93)

0.022

 Very easy

0.56 (0.34, 0.92)

0.022

0.63 (0.38, 1.05)

0.074

0.64 (0.29, 1.40)

0.262

0.85 (0.38, 1.89)

0.680

0.55 (0.36, 0.84)

0.006

0.65 (0.43, 1.00)

0.051

Chronotype

 Definitely a morning person

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

 More a morning than evening person

0.92 (0.71, 1.19)

0.507

0.92 (0.71, 1.19)

0.707

0.90 (0.61, 1.32)

0.586

0.89 (0.60, 1.31)

0.554

0.93 (0.75, 1.16)

0.528

0.93 (0.75, 1.16)

0.507

 More an evening than a morning person

1.16 (0.89, 1.51)

0.273

1.14 (0.87, 1.48)

0.341

1.01 (0.67, 1.52)

0.957

0.96 (0.64, 1.45)

0.857

1.13 (0.90, 1.42)

0.290

1.10 (0.87, 1.38)

0.426

 Definitely an evening person

1.19 (0.81, 1.74)

0.382

1.14 (0.77, 1.67)

0.515

0.76 (0.39, 1.51)

0.438

0.69 (0.35, 1.37)

0.284

1.08 (0.77, 1.52)

0.648

1.02 (0.72, 1.43)

0.928

Nap during day

 Never/Rarely

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

 Sometimes

1.05 (0.85, 1.30)

0.668

1.04 (0.84, 1.29)

0.743

0.92 (0.66, 1.29)

0.639

0.90 (0.64, 1.26)

0.530

1.01 (0.85, 1.22)

0.881

1.00 (0.83, 1.20)

0.984

 Usually

1.37 (0.95, 1.99)

0.096

1.32 (0.91, 1.92)

0.143

1.18 (0.65, 2.15)

0.578

1.08 (0.60, 1.97)

0.796

1.30 (0.94, 1.79)

0.114

1.23 (0.89, 1.70)

0.207

Daytime dozing

 Never/Rarely

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

 Sometimes

0.98 (0.77, 1.25)

0.859

0.97 (0.76, 1.23)

0.781

0.86 (0.58, 1.26)

0.436

0.84 (0.57, 1.23)

0.365

0.96 (0.78, 1.18)

0.678

0.94 (0.76, 1.16)

0.562

 Usually

1.09 (0.61, 1.94)

0.781

1.04 (0.58, 1.85)

0.906

1.47 (0.69, 3.17)

0.320

1.34 (0.62, 2.90)

0.451

1.11 (0.68, 1.81)

0.670

1.05 (0.62, 1.70)

0.857

Snoring

 No

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

1 (Ref)

Ref

 Yes

0.80 (0.65, 1.09)

0.052

0.82 (0.65, 1.04)

0.095

0.81 (0.58, 1.13)

0.207

0.78 (0.62, 1.23)

0.428

0.82 (0.68, 1.00)

0.057

0.86 (0.71, 1.04)

0.124

  1. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity.
  2. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, coffee drinking, body mass index, physical activity, townsend deprivation index, anxiety and depression.
  3. All significant results (p < 0.05) are written in bold.
  4. ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS-FTSD amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal spectrum disorder, CI confidence interval, FTD frontotemporal dementia, h hour, HR hazard ratios.
  5. ain the analysis of sleep duration, Firth’s penalized likelihood method was applied for correction.
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