Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients.

From: Clinical utility of cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in the diagnostic workup of complex patients with cognitive impairment

Characteristic

AD (n = 158)

non-AD (n = 388)

Undetermined (n = 87)

DLB (n = 15)

FTD (n = 29)

VCI (n = 46)

CJD (n = 67)

OND (n = 73)

NND (n = 158)

demographic

 Age, mean (SD), years

61.0 (8.3)

70.7 (7.8)

61.7 (10.2)

64.7 (10.9)

59.1 (10.3)

62.9 (11.3)

59.6 (13.5)

60.5 (12.2)

 Male, No. (%)

62 (39.2)

12 (80.0)

12 (41.4)

31 (67.4)

21 (31.3)

28 (38.3)

84 (53.2)

45 (51.7)

 Education, median (IQR), years

9 (6, 12)

6 (6, 16)

9 (8, 15)

9 (4, 12)

9 (6, 11)

12 (6, 13)

9 (7, 12)

9 (7, 12)

 Disease duration, median (IQR), years

1.8 (1.0, 2.8)

1.0 (1.0, 2.0)

1.0 (1.0 2.0)

0.7 (0.3, 2.0)

0.3 (0.1, 0.5)

2.0 (1.0, 4.0)

2.0 (0.8, 3.0)

0.7 (0.2, 1.3)

Mental status, median (IQR)

 MMSE

17 (10, 23)

11 (4, 17)

14 (7, 18)

20 (12, 25)

16 (10, 23)

23 (17, 27)

24 (16, 28)

16 (9, 23)

 MoCA

11 (4, 18)

6 (1, 7)

8 (2, 11)

13 (7, 17)

9 (4, 16)

13 (9, 20)

18 (10, 24)

12 (6, 17)

 HAMA

7 (2, 10)

12 (9, 13)

9 (6, 15)

8 (5, 12)

8 (5, 13)

12 (6, 13)

4 (0, 9)

9 (6, 16)

 HAMD

3 (1, 8)

8 (8, 10)

8 (7, 9)

6 (2, 9)

8 (4, 11)

6 (3, 9)

2 (0, 7)

7 (3, 11)

CSF biomarker results

 Aβ42, median (IQR), pg/mL

675 (457, 896)

389 (316, 541)

994 (637, 1316)

693 (419, 1000)

771 (511, 1102)

755 (597, 1153)

760 (614, 1030)

811 (521, 1244)

 Aβ40, median (IQR), pg/mL

6645 (4718, 9114)

5122 (3434, 5584)

6281 (4343, 8316)

5370 (4031, 7654)

5123 (3543, 7802)

5919 (4586, 7602)

5269 (3919, 6860)

6455 (4622, 8164)

 P-tau181, median (IQR), pg/mL

56 (28, 135)

61 (34, 95)

35 (23, 73)

38 (29, 54)

43 (34, 60)

37 (26, 47)

30 (20, 40)

34 (23, 48)

 T-tau, median (IQR), pg/mL

434 (277, 692)

435 (212, 547)

393 (323, 541)

405 (312, 630)

1321 (1321, 1321)

312 (224, 394)

275 (188, 449)

383 (257, 581)

 Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, median (IQR)

0.100 (0.074, 0.153)

0.090 (0.070, 0.124)

0.139 (0.113, 0.162)

0.118 (0.083, 0.156)

0.153 (0.116, 0.183)

0.138 (0.103, 0.175)

0.149 (0.112, 0.190)

0.142 (0.010, 0.185)

 P-tau181/Aβ42 ratio, median (IQR)

0.082 (0.032, 0.266)

0.124 (0.069, 0.321)

0.038 (0.024, 0.078)

0.046 (0.029, 0.106)

0.061 (0.038, 0.086)

0.041 (0.032, 0.068)

0.034 (0.025, 0.049)

0.035 (0.025, 0.068)

 T-tau/Aβ42 ratio, median (IQR)

0.648 (0.319, 1.282)

1.075 (0.438, 1.647)

0.498 (0.303, 0.627)

0.597 (0.341, 1.003)

1.600 (0.945, 2.322)

0.369 (0.246, 0.571)

0.331 (0.206, 0.575)

0.465 (0.267, 0.782)

Patient management

Cognitive stage at baseline, No. (%)

 SCD

33 (20.9)

0

1 (3.4)

1 (2.2)

0

1 (1.4)

61 (38.6)

6 (6.9)

 MCI

40 (25.3)

3 (19.0)

5 (17.2)

19 (41.3)

12 (17.9)

36 (49.3)

29 (18.4)

14 (16.1)

 Dementia

85 (53.8)

12 (81.0)

23 (79.4)

26 (56.5)

55 (82.1)

36 (49.3)

68 (43.0)

67 (77.0)

 Diagnostic confidence at baseline, median (IQR) %

70 (60, 70)

65 (60, 70)

70 (65, 75)

70 (65, 80)

80 (70, 85)

70 (60, 70)

70 (65, 80)

 

Medication management, No. (%)

 Cognition-specific medications

132 (83.5)

14 (93.3)

25 (86.2)

29 (63.0)

22 (32.8)

26 (35.6)

48 (30.4)

42 (48.3)

 Non-Cognition-specific medications

45 (28.5)

5 (33.3)

8 (27.6)

20 (43.5)

14 (20.9)

15 (20.5)

42 (26.6)

37 (42.5)

 Nonpharmacological interventions

20 (12.7)

1 (6.7)

3 (10.3)

11 (23.9)

38 (56.7)

40 (54.8)

92 (58.2)

31 (35.6)

  1. Aβ amyloid β, AD Alzheimer’s disease, CJD Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, DLB dementia with Lewy Bodies, FTD frontotemporal dementia, HAMA hamilton anxiety rating scale, HAMD hamilton depression rating scale, IQR interquartile ranges, MCI mild cognitive impairment, MoCA montreal cognitive assessment, MMSE mini-mental state examination, NND non-neurodegenerative diseases, OND other neurodegenerative diseases, SCD subjective cognitive decline, SD standard deviation, UND undetermined diagnoses, VCI vascular cognitive impairment.
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