Table 1 Participants’ demographics, feedback and regulation strategies.
Study | Population | N (F) | Age M (SD) | Target ROIs | Feedback types | Regulation direction | Regulation strategies in regulation (rest) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berman et al. [84] | Healthy | 14 (8) | 29.7 (8.2) | rAI | Continuous | Up | Mental imagery (Relaxation) |
Böttinger et al. [71] | DBD and healthy | 25 (5) | 14.57 (1.64) | Insula/amygdala | Continuous | Up | Free (Free) |
Buyukturkoglu et al. [72] | OCD | 3 (2) | 23.33 (3.09) | bAI | Intermittent | Down | Free (Free) |
Caria et al. [85] | Healthy | 15 (9) | 25.13a | rAI | Continuous | Up | Mental imagery (Number counting) |
Caria et al. [86] | Healthy | 27 (15) | 27.51a | lAI | Continuous | Up | Mental imagerya |
Emmert et al. [91] | Healthy | 28 (14) | 27.5 (2.3) | lAIb | Continuous | Down | Free (Free) |
Frank et al. [80] | Healthy (obese/lean) | 21 (0) | 26.24 (0.86) | bAI | Continuous | Up | Mental imagery (Number counting) |
Johnston et al. [81] | Healthy | 13 (9) | 21–52 | Insula/amygdala/VLPFC | Continuous | Up | Mental imagerya |
Kadosh et al. [83] | Healthy | 17 (8) | 11.6 (2.5) | rAI | Continuous | Up/Down | Mental imagery (Relaxation) |
Kanel et al. [88] | Healthy | 20 (13) | 24.6 (3.32) | rAI | Continuous | Up | Emotional voice empathizing (Number counting) |
Karch et al. [75] | Alcohol addiction and healthy | 27a | 18–60 | Insula/ACC/DLPFC | Continuous | Down | Free (Free) |
Karch et al. [76] | Tobacco addiction (abstinence/relapse) | 36 (11) | 43.83 (12.37) | Insula/ACC/DLPFC | Continuous | Down | Free (Free) |
Karch et al. [77] | Alcohol addiction (abstinence/relapse) | 48 (7) | 45.5 (11.52) | Insula/ACC/DLPFC | Continuous | Down | Free (Free) |
Lawrence et al. [87] | Healthy | 24 (12) | 27.33 (4.71) | rAI | Continuous | Up | Mental imagery/Body awareness (Number counting) |
Linden et al. [73] | MDD | 16 (3) | 48.44 (12.99) | Insula/DLPFC | Continuous | Up | Mental imagery (Relaxation) |
Mehler et al. [74] | MDD | 32 (21) | 47.07 (12.42) | Insula | Continuous | Up | Free (Number counting) |
Popovova et al. [90] | Healthy | 56 (27) | 23.84 (3.3) | rAI | Intermittent | Up | Free (Number counting) |
Rana et al. [78] | Nicotine addiction | 4a | - | bAI | Intermittent | Down | Freea |
Rance et al. [93] | Healthy | 10 (4) | 29 (6.48) | lPIb | Continuous | Up/Down | Free (Mental arithmetic) |
Ruiz et al. [70] | Schizophrenia | 9 (5) | 26.3 (4.5) | bAI | Continuous | Up | Mental imagery (Relaxation) |
Sitaram et al. [79] | Criminal with psychopaths | 4a | 31.5 (3.5) | lAI | Continuous | Up | Mental imagery (Number counting) |
Veit et al. [92] | Healthy | 11 (8) | 21–28 | lAI | Continuous | Up/Down | Mental imagery (Passively watching) |
Yao et al. [82] | Healthy | 37 (18) | 21.97 (1.4) | lAI | Continuous | Up | Mental imagery (Relaxation) |
Zhang et al. [89] | Healthy | 84 (41) | 21.55 (2.06) | lAI | Continuous | Up | Heartbeat interoception (Relaxation) |
Zilverstand et al. [47] | Spider phobia | 18 (18) | 21.2 (1.78) | rAI | Intermittent | Down | Cognitive reappraisal (Relaxation) |
