Table 3 Statistics of training success contrasts on insula self-regulation and associated functional connectivity changes.
Study | Up/Down | EG vs. CG | First vs. Transfer | First vs. Last | Regulate vs. Rest | Functional connectivity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Across runs | Transfer | EG | EG | CG | EG | CG | Region | Findings | ||
Berman et al. [84] | Up | / | / | NS | NS | / | / | / | dmPFC | ↑ p < 0.0001 |
Böttinger et al. [71] | Up | / | / | / | NS | / | / | / | / | / |
Buyukturkoglu et al. [72] | Down | / | / | NS | NS | / | - | / | / | / |
Caria et al. [85] | Up | - | - | NS | p < 0.012 | NS | / | / | / | / |
Caria et al. [86] | Up | NS | / | / | p = 0.012a | MI (p = 0.034) | / | / | / | / |
Emmert et al. [91] | Down | / | / | / | p < 0.05 | / | / | / | vlPFC | ↑ p < 0.05 |
Frank et al. [80] | Up | / | / | / | p < 0.05 | / | / | / | MCC/MTC | ↑ p < 0.001 |
Johnston et al. [81] | Up | / | / | / | p < 0.029 | / | p = 0.002 | / | / | / |
Kadosh et al. [83] | Up/Down | / | / | / | NS | / | p = 0.023 | / | Amygdalab | p = 0.001c |
Kanel et al. [88] | Up | NS | p = 0.018 | NS | p = 0.041 | NS | / | / | / | / |
Karch et al. [75] | Down | / | / | / | p = 0.048 | NS | / | / | mPFC/dlPFC | ↑ p < 0.05 |
Karch et al. [76] | Down | / | / | / | / | / | p < 0.05 | / | / | / |
Karch et al. [77] | Down | NS | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
Lawrence et al. [87] | Up | - | / | / | p = 0.03a | NS | / | / | / | / |
Linden et al. [73] | Up | / | / | / | p = 0.04 | / | / | / | / | / |
Mehler et al. [74] | Up | NS | NS | p = 0.023 | - | - | p < 0.05 | / | / | / |
Popovova et al. [90] | Up | NS | NS | p = 0.0008 | p = 0.005 | p = 0.013 | / | / | / | / |
Rana et al. [78] | Down | / | / | - | p < 0.05 | / | / | / | / | / |
Rance et al. [93] | Up/Down | / | / | / | p < 0.05 | / | p < 0.05 | / | / | / |
Ruiz et al. [70] | Up | / | / | NS | p = 0.02 | / | / | / | mPFC/Amygdalab | p < 0.01 |
Sitaram et al. [79] | Up | / | / | / | NS | / | / | / | PCCb | p < 0.05 |
Veit et al. [92] | Up/Down | / | / | / | NS | / | p < 0.001 | / | dmPFC/vlPFC | ↑ p < 0.001 c |
Yao et al. [82] | Up | p = 0.041 | p = 0.006 | / | p = 0.011 | NS | / | / | dlPFC/dmPFC/IPL | ↑ p < 0.001 |
Zhang et al. [89] | Up | p = 0.018 | p = 0.031 | / | NS | / | / | / | vmPFC/ACC/aPFC | ↑p < 0.005 |
Zilverstand et al. [47] | Down | p < 0.05 | / | / | p < 0.05 | NS | p < 0.05 | NS | / | / |
