Fig. 8: Treating snails with alprazolam (0.1 μM for 15 min) induces anterograde amnesia in snails trained for the operant conditioning of aerial respiration.

A timeline of the experiment is presented above the data. A Fifteen naïve snails were exposed to alprazolam for 15 min and then were trained with a 30-min training session (TS1). Three hours later, ITM was tested (MT1). No significant reduction in the number of attempted pneumostome openings was found (i.e., ITM was not formed). Twenty-four hours later, these snails were exposed to artificial PW for 15 min and then re-trained (TS2) for 30 min. ITM was tested 3 h later (MT2). As a significant reduction in the number of attempted pneumostome openings was found, ITM was formed. B Fifteen control snails were exposed to artificial PW for 15 min and were trained with a 30-min training session (TS1). Three hours later, ITM was formed (MT1) as a significant reduction in the number of attempted pneumostome openings was found. Twenty-four hours later, these snails were re-exposed to artificial PW for 15 min and then re-trained (TS2) for 30 min. ITM was tested 3 h later (MT2), and a significant reduction in the number of attempted pneumostome openings was found, suggesting that ITM was formed. Data are represented as means ± SEM and analyzed with RM-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc ****p < 0.0001; ns = not significant as p > 0.05.