Table 1 Characteristics of the conducted meta-analysesa.
Outcomes | Author | Studies | Population | Sample size (cases/total) | Follow up | MA Metric | Estimates (95% CI) | T² |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer outcomes | ||||||||
Cancer incidence | Wang 2020 [21] | 21 | general | 1685782/NA | 14.3 year (median) | RR | 1.13 (1.06,1.19) | NA |
Lung cancer incidence | Wang 2020 [21] | 8 | general | NA | NA | RR | 1.41 (1.17,1.69) | NA |
Oral cavity cancer incidence | Wang 2020 [21] | 3 | general | NA | NA | RR | 1.47 (1.39,1.55) | NA |
Prostate cancer incidence | Wang 2020 [21] | 9 | general | NA | NA | RR | 1.37 (1.01,1.86) | NA |
Skin cancer incidence | Wang 2020 [21] | 3 | general | NA | NA | RR | 1.09 (1.01,1.18) | NA |
Head and neck cancer overall survival | Van Der Elst 2021 [22] | 7 | head and neck cancer patient | NA/1743 | NA | HR | 1.33 (1.16,1.52) | 0 |
Glioma survival outcome | Shi 2018 [23] | 6 | adult glioma patient | NA /6 to 87 | ranging from 8 to 69.6 months | RR | 0.51 (0.18 to 0.83) | NA |
Breast cancer | Sun 2015 [24] | 11 | free of any subtypes of cancer at the beginning | 2353/182,241 | ranging from 5 to 38 years | RR | 1.13(0.94,1.36) | NA |
Breast cancer recurrence | Wang 2020 [21] | 7 | with breast cancer | NA/6716 | 8.2 years (median) | HR | 1.24(1.07,1.43) | NA |
Mortality outcomes | ||||||||
All-cause mortality | Wei 2019 [12] | 49 | community-dwelling;≥60 years | 27,910/190,152 | ranging from 2 to 15 years | RR | 1.34(1.27,1.42) | NA |
CVD mortality | Wei 2019 [12] | 15 | community-dwelling;≥60 years | 11,708/5244,426 | ranging from 3.2 to 15 years | RR | 1.31(1.20–1.43) | NA |
Overall survival after transplantation in HSCT | Guillaume 2023 [31] | 8 | adults undergoing HSCT | NA/20,934 | 4.5 years (median) | HR | 1.06(1.03–1.10) | <0.01 |
All cause mortality with PAD | Scierka 2023 [13] | 4 | ≥18years of age with PAD | 63,638/158,115 | ranging from31.83 to 70.8 months | HR | 1.24(1.07–1.45) | <0.01 |
All cause mortality in cancer | Wang 2020 [21] | 20 | general | NA | NA | RR | 1.24 (1.13–1.35) | NA |
All cause mortality in lung cancer | Wang 2020 [21] | 5 | general | NA | NA | RR | 1.34 (1.16–1.55) | NA |
All cause mortality in breast cancer | Wang 2020 [21] | 12 | with breast cancer, | NA/157,840 | 7.4 years (median) | HR | 1.30(1.23–1.36) | NA |
Specific mortality in bladder cancer | Wang 2020 [21] | 2 | general | NA | NA | RR | 2.02 (1.29–3.17) | NA |
Specific mortality in colorectum cancer | Wang 2020 [21] | 2 | general | NA | NA | RR | 1.38 (1.23–1.55) | NA |
Specific mortality in hematopoietic cancer | Wang 2020 [21] | 2 | general | NA | NA | RR | 1.66 (1.43–1.93) | NA |
Specific mortality in kidney cancer | Wang 2020 [21] | 2 | general | NA | NA | RR | 1.85 (1.55–2.22) | NA |
Specific mortality in prostate cancer | Wang 2020 [21] | 3 | general | NA | NA | RR | 1.87 (1.62–2.16) | NA |
All cause mortality in PCI | Song 2020 [15] | 5 | underwent PCI | NA/3405 | 5years (median) | RR | 1.76(1.45–2.13) | <0.01 |
PSD mortality | Cai 2019 [16] | 14 | aged ≥18 years | 141,487/250,071 | ranging from 1 to 15 years. | HR | 1.59(1.30–1.96) | 0.10 |
All cause mortality in HF | Gathright 2017 [29] | 14 | ≥ 18 years; diagnosed with HF | NA/6772 | 2.75 years (median) | HR | 1.20(1.10–1.31) | NA |
Coronary mortality | Wu 2016 [9] | 8 | depression is the predictor; CHD death is the outcome. | 4292/170,271 | 8.45 years (median) | HR | 1.36(1.14–1.63) | NA |
All cause mortality in CABG | Stenman 2016 [30] | 7 | with HF | NA/89,490 | ranging from 3 to 9.3 years | HR | 1.41(1.19–1.63) | 0.02 |
Organ post-transplant mortality | Dew 2016 [32] | 20 | solid organ transplant recipients | NA/51,921 | 5.8 years (median) | RR | 1.42(0.98–1.86) | 0.49 |
CKD Mortality | Palmer 2013 [27] | 22 | adults with CKD | NA/83,381 | ranging from 3 months to 6.5 years | RR | 1.47(1.25–1.68) | 0.09 |
All cause mortality with diabetes by self-reports | Hofmann 2013 [26] | 8 | with diabetes | NA/12,809 | ranging from 3 to 10 years | HR | 2.51(1.85–3.17) | 0.68 |
All cause mortality with diabetes by clinical interviews supported | Hofmann 2013 [26] | 6 | with diabetes | NA/87,560 | ranging from 2 to 10 years | HR | 1.34(1.04–1.63) | 0.07 |
All cause mortality in MI | Meijer 2011 [28] | 17 | hospitalized for MI; depression was measured within 3 months after | 892/10,362 | 16 months (median) | OR | 2.25(1.73–2.93) | NA |
Dying in the 2 years after the initial assessment with CHD | Barth 2004 [83] | 7 | with CHD or report data of a subgroup with CHD | NA/3228 | ranging from 2 to 15 years | OR | 2.24(1.39–3.60) | 11.04 |
Dying in the long-term with CHD | Barth 2004 [83] | 7 | with CHD or report data of a subgroup with CHD | NA/3751 | ranging from 4 months to 2 years | OR | 1.78(1.12–2.83) | 20.92 |
Endocrine/Metabolic outcomes | ||||||||
Gestational diabetes mellitus | Zhang 2023 [36] | 9 | pregnant females | NA/127,195 | NA | OR | 1.19(1.02–1.36) | 0.02 |
Diabetic nephropathy | Fang 2022 [35] | 6 | general | NA/945,683 | NA | OR | 1.22(1.13–1.31) | NA |
Metabolic syndrome with cross-sectional studies | Moradi 2021 [37] | 31 | general | NA/111,866 | NA | OR | 1.48(1.33–1.64) | 0.03 |
Metabolic syndrome with cohort studies | Moradi 2021 [37] | 18 | general | NA/287,628 | NA | RR | 1.38(1.17–1.64) | 0.10 |
Type 2 diabetes | Graham 2020 [34] | 15 | general | NA/192,424 | 6 years (median) | RR | 1.17(1.09–1.25) | 0.00 |
Obesity | Mannan 2016 [33] | 9 | 18 years and over;developed countries | NA/85,405 | ranging from 5 to 22 years | RR | 1.34(1.24–1.44) | <0.01 |
Cardiovascular outcomes | ||||||||
Incident atrial fibrillation | Fu 2019 [38] | 9 | general | NA/1559,378 | 10 years (median) | RR | 1.13(1.01–1.26) | 0.02 |
Heart failure | Cao 2022 [7] | 6 | general without HF | 4727/131,282 | 10 years (median) | HR | 1.23(1.08–1.41) | NA |
Coronary heart disease | Cao 2022 [8] | 26 | depression without CHD | NA/402,597 | 10 years (median) | RR | 1.21(1.14–1.29) | NA |
MACE outcomes with PAD | Abi-Jaoude 2022 [14] | 3 | with PAD | 3820/117,062 | NA | RR | 0.96(0.53–1.39) | 0.08 |
MALE outcomes with PAD | Abi-Jaoude 2022 [14] | 4 | with PAD | 23,160/272,668 | NA | RR | 1.18(1.06–1.29) | <0.01 |
Risk of Readmission in HF | Kewcharoen 2021 [45] | 10 | diagnosed with HF | NA/53,165 | NA | HR | 1.45(1.17–1.79) | NA |
MACEs after PCI | Song 2020 [15] | 6 | including patients that underwent PCI; | NA/2146 | 2.25 years (median) | RR | 1.72(1.38–2.07) | <0.01 |
Non-fatal CVD events with type 2 diabetes | Inoue 2020 [42] | 11 | with diabetes | NA/1017628 | 6 years (median) | RR | 1.35(1.20–1.53) | NA |
Fatal CVD events with type 2 diabetes. | Inoue 2020 [42] | 8 | with diabetes | NA/20,930 | 6.5 years (median) | RR | 1.47(1.21–1.77) | NA |
A composite outcome following PCI | Zhang 2019 [44] | 8 | with CAD and receiving coronary stent implantation | NA/3297 | 3 years (median) | RR | 1.42(1.23–1.61) | <0.01 |
Recurrent stroke event | Wu 2019 [46] | 6 | stroke patients | NA/4648 | 2.25 years (median) | RR | 1.48(1.22–1.79) | NA |
Diabetes complication: macrovascular and microvascular | Nouwen 2019 [43] | 11 | adults (>18 years old) | NA/2892,142 | 5.5 years (median) | HR | 1.39(1.33–1.44) | <0.01 |
Ventricular arrhythmias | Fu 2019 [38] | 9 | NA | NA/3611 | NA | HR | 1.33(1.02–1.73) | NA |
Coronary artery calcification | Lin 2018 [39] | 12 | participants were aged 35–84 years | NA/24,862 | NA | OR | 1.15(1.04–1.28) | NA |
Sudden cardiac death | Shi 2017 [40] | 4 | general | NA/83,659 | ranging from 0 to 10.4 years | HR | 1.62(1.37–1.92) | NA |
Ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation | Shi 2017 [40] | 8 | general | NA/4048 | ranging from 0 to 10.4 years | HR | 1.47(1.23–1.76) | NA |
Myocardial Infarction | Wu 2016 [9] | 9 | general | 4568/190,216 | 13 years (median) | HR | 1.31(1.09–1.57) | NA |
First-ever stroke | Barlinn 2015 [10] | 28 | nonhospitalized adults with no history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) | 13,436/681,139 | ranging from 3 to 29 years | HR | 1.40(1.27–1.53) | NA |
Hypertension | Meng 2012 [41] | 9 | general | NA/22,367 | 9.6 years (median) | RR | 1.42(1.09–1.86) | 0.28 |
Cardiac event in MI | Meijer 2011 [28] | 18 | general | 2247/10,119 | 16 months (median) | OR | 1.59(1.37–1.85) | NA |
Cardiovascular diseases | Van der Kooy 2007 [47] | 7 | based on community-dwelling or general practice | NA/21,618 | 10.6 years (median) | OR | 1.46(0.99–1.93) | 0.21 |
Digestive outcomes | ||||||||
Crohn’s disease | Piovani 2023 [48] | 7 | general | 17,676/3386,186 | ranging from 2.2 to 13 years. | RR | 1.17(1.02–1.34) | 0.01 |
Ulcerative colitis | Piovani 2023 [48] | 6 | general | 28,165/3396,075 | ranging from 2.2 to 13 years. | RR | 1.21(1.10–1.33) | 0.00 |
Irritable bowel syndrome | Sibelli 2016 [49] | 8 | with a GI infection aged 16 years | 342/5007 | from 3 months to 8 years | RR | 2.06(1.44–2.96) | NA |
Neurological system outcomes | ||||||||
Postoperative delirium | Diep 2024 [66] | 42 | adults with pre-operative depression | NA/4664,051 | NA | RR | 1.91(1.68–2.17) | 2.73 |
Motor cognitive risk syndrome | Zhou 2024 [63] | 7 | people over 60 years of age | NA/20,321 | NA | OR | 2.54(1.50–4.30) | NA |
Cognitive score reduction | Mehta 2022 [62] | 29 | general | NA/279–7515 | 6.3 years (median) | OR | 1.33(2.17–1.51) | 0.10 |
Mild cognitive impairment | Mehta 2022 [62] | 17 | general | NA/181–6615 | 6.7 years (median) | OR | 1.52(1.28–1.79) | 0.08 |
Alzheimer’s disease | Mehta 2022 [62] | 27 | general | NA/185–2454,532 | 5.8 years (median) | OR | 1.79(1.46–2.20) | 0.21 |
Parkinson’s disease | Bareeqa 2022 [64] | 15 | 40.8 to 71.45 years | 256,801/1875,372 | ranging from 3 to15 years | OR | 1.78(1.46–1.09) | 0.19 |
Dementia | Santabárbara 2020 [65] | 8 | over 50 years | NA/ 2476,454 | 6.8 years (median) | RR | 1.63(1.30–2.04) | NA |
Right hippocampal volume | Santos 2018 [67] | 29 | adults (≥18 years) | NA/2331 | NA | SMD | −0.43(−0.66–−0.21) | 0.31 |
Left hippocampal volume | Santos 2018 [67] | 29 | adults (≥18 years) | NA/2331 | NA | SMD | −0.40(−0.66–−0.15) | 0.43 |
Offspring outcomes | ||||||||
Childhood asthma in offspring | Jia 2024 [57] | 10 | females and their children | NA/833,230 | NA | RR | 1.24(1.19–1.30) | 0 |
Depression in offspring (father-child) | Dachew 2023 [52] | 16 | based on humans; father-child | NA/7153,723 | NA | OR | 1.42(1.17–1.71) | NA |
Offspring anxiety | Chithiramohan 2023 [60] | 4 | adolescence and adulthood(≥12) | NA/1191 | 14.5 years (median) | OR | 1.73(0.68–2.79) | <0.01 |
ADHD in offspring | Christaki 2022 [59] | 8 | general | NA/33,513 | NA | OR | 1.69(1.27–2.26) | NA |
Apgar score at 1 min | Sun 2021 [55] | 4 | pregnant women | NA/1395 | NA | MD | −0.03(−0.15–0.09) | NA |
Low Apgar score at 1 min | Sun 2021 [55] | 3 | pregnant women | NA/1601 | NA | OR | 1.82(0.51–3.13) | NA |
Apgar score at 5 min | Sun 2021 [55] | 9 | pregnant women | NA/2366 | NA | MD | 0.00(−0.07–0.07) | NA |
Low Apgar score at 5 min | Sun 2021 [55] | 4 | pregnant women | NA/8608 | NA | OR | 1.91(1.23–2.59) | NA |
Childhood atopic dermatitis | Chen 2021 [56] | 4 | children and their biological mothers | NA/110,064 | NA | OR | 1.21(0.98–1.49) | NA |
Depression in offspring (mother-child) | Tirumalaraju 2020 [53] | 6 | mothers during their pregnancy and/or during the postnatal period;the offspring’s adolescence and adulthood | NA/19,535 | NA | OR | 1.65(1.30–2.00) | 0.22 |
Behavioral problems in children | Cui 2020 [54] | 9 | paternal OR father OR men; offspring OR children OR child OR adolescent | NA/NA | 17 or 18 weeks (median) | OR | 1.21(1.14–1.28) | NA |
Emotional problems in children | Cui 2020 [54] | 11 | paternal OR father OR men; offspring OR children OR child OR adolescent | NA/NA | 18 weeks (median) | OR | 1.26(1.18–1.36) | NA |
Social development in children | Cui 2020 [54] | 7 | paternal OR father OR men; offspring OR children OR child OR adolescent | NA/NA | 17 or 18 weeks (median) | OR | 1.30(0.97–1.74) | NA |
Children’s socio-emotional development | Madigan 2018 [58] | 50 | maternal with depression in pregnancy; offspring outcomes were collected prior to the age of 18 y | NA/33,211 | NA | OR | 1.56(1.43–1.69) | 0.03 |
Child underweight reported | Surkan 2011 [61] | 17 | developing countries but applied no other population | NA/13,923 | NA | OR | 1.50(1.20–1.80) | NA |
Child stunting reported | Surkan 2011 [61] | 12 | developing countries but applied no other population | NA/13,214 | NA | OR | 1.40(1.20–1.70) | NA |
Dental outcomes | ||||||||
Dental caries | Cademartori 2018 [50] | 2 | ≥ 30 years | NA/4857 | NA | OR | 1.27(1.13–1.44) | NA |
Periodontal disease | Cademartori 2018 [50] | 4 | ≥ 30 years | NA/13,492 | NA | OR | 0.96(0.84–1.10) | NA |
Tooth loss | Cademartori 2018 [50] | 5 | ≥ 30 years | NA/5507,766 | NA | OR | 1.31(1.24–1.37) | NA |
Edentulism | Cademartori 2018 [50] | 4 | ≥ 30 years | NA/5592,964 | NA | OR | 1.17(1.02–1.34) | NA |
Periodontitis | Araujo 2016 [51] | 7 | general | NA/6125 | NA | OR | 1.00(0.71–1.30) | 0.07 |
Others outcomes | ||||||||
Concentrations of CRP | Chen 2024 [70] | 13 | patients were clinically diagnosed as PSD | 1004/3294 | NA | SMD | 0.34 (0.12–0.56) | 0.14 |
Internet addiction | Ye 2023 [68] | 23 | primary, secondary and college students aged 10–24 | NA/34,554 | NA | OR | 1.25(1.19–1.31) | NA |
Pain with acute low back pain | Wong 2022 [80] | 2 | ≥16 years with LBP/radiculopathy | NA/314 | 6 months (median) | OR | 1.05(0.97–1.14) | <0.01 |
Recovery with chronic low back pain | Wong 2022 [80] | 2 | ≥16 years with LBP/radiculopathy | NA/13,263 | 8.5 months (median) | RR | 0.92(0.89–0.95) | <0.01 |
Risk of falls | Gambaro 2022 [81] | 7 | ≥ 60 years | NA/32,368 | NA | OR | 1.05(0.92–1.17) | <0.01 |
Fear of falling | Gambaro 2022 [81] | 3 | ≥ 60 years | NA/7339 | NA | OR | 2.72(0.99–4.44) | <0.01 |
Negative outcomes during TB treatment. | Ruiz-Grosso 2020 [71] | 2 | general | NA/973 | NA | OR | 4.26(2.33–7.79) | 0.00 |
Medical Errors | Pereira-Lima 2019 [77] | 10 | practicing/resident physicians | NA/21,517 | NA | RR | 1.97(1.61–2.34) | 0.26 |
Fracture with HR | Wu 2018 [72] | 9 | general | NA/309,862 | 7 years (median) | HR | 1.18(1.04–1.31) | 0.01 |
Fracture with RR | Wu 2018 [72] | 7 | general | NA/64,975 | 7 years (median) | RR | 1.30(1.14–1.47) | <0.01 |
Hip bone mineral density | Wu 2018 [72] | 8 | general | NA/15,442 | 3.57 years (median) | SMD | −0.35(−0.53–−0.17) | 0.05 |
Subsequent suicidal behavior | McGinty 2018 [79] | 13 | experiencing FEP | 428/3002 | 24 months (median) | OR | 1.22(0.84–1.59) | 0.09 |
Frailty with cross-sectional | Soysal 2017 [74] | 4 | older adults≥ 60 years | 867/2167 | NA | OR | 2.25(1.23–3.27) | 0.28 |
Frailty with longitudinal | Soysal 2017 [74] | 4 | older adults≥ 60 years | NA/48,014 | 3 years (median) | OR | 4.07(2.30–5.85) | 2.93 |
Car crash risk | Hill 2017 [78] | 6 | NA | NA/349,435 | NA | OR | 2.00(1.20–2.80) | 0.76 |
Development of sleep disturbances | Bao 2017 [69] | 11 | community-dwelling older adults (≥50 years; mean age ≥ 60 years),without sleep disturbances | NA/24,564 | 36 months (median) | RR | 1.72(1.33–2.22) | NA |
Persistence of sleep disturbances | Bao 2017 [69] | 7 | community-dwelling older adults (≥50 years; mean age ≥ 60 years),without sleep disturbances | NA/17,369 | 30 months (median) | RR | 1.20(0.94–1.52) | NA |
Worsening of sleep disturbances | Bao 2017 [69] | 2 | community-dwelling older adults (≥50 years; mean age ≥ 60 years),without sleep disturbances | NA/1744 | 30 months (median) | RR | 1.73(1.15–1.61) | NA |
Premature ejaculation | Xia 2016 [75] | 8 | >18 years suffering from PE | NA/18,053 | NA | OR | 1.63(1.42–1.87) | NA |
Adult-onset asthma | Gao 2015 [73] | 6 | general | 2334/83,684 | ranging from 8 to 20 years | RR | 1.43(1.28–1.61) | 0.00 |
Sexual dysfunction | Atlantis 2012 [76] | 6 | adult populations | NA/3285 | ranging from 2–9 years | RR | 1.52(1.02–2.26) | NA |
