Fig. 1: Ablation of CDYL in CaMKIIα⁺ neurons and its effects on memory in mice.

A Schematic of tamoxifen-induced conditional ablation of CDYL in CaMKIIα⁺ neurons in mice. B Western blot analysis of CDYL protein levels in the hippocampus of wild-type (WT) and conditional knockout (cKO) mice. (Unpaired t-test, n = 5 WT, 4 cKO). C Diagram of the fear conditioning protocol. D Percentage of time mice exhibited freezing behavior in contextual (left) and cued (right) fear memory tests. (Unpaired t-test; contextual: n = 15 WT, 15 cKO; cued: n = 16 WT, 15 cKO; one outlier excluded). E, F Y-maze test diagram (E) and percentage of spontaneous alternation triplets (F). (Unpaired t-test, n = 9 WT, 8 cKO). G-J Morris water maze. G Diagram of the Morris water maze. H Escape latency time during the training period. Two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test. I Time distribution in the four quadrants during the test. Two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test. J Latency to first cross the target platform position (left), unpaired t test. One sample was identified as an outlier and thus excluded, n (WT, cKO) = 14, 14. The number of platform area crossings during the test period (right), Mann–Whitney test, n (WT, cKO) = 15, 14. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ns, no significance. K, L Open field test diagram (K) and time spent in the center area during the first 5 min (L). Unpaired t test, n (WT, cKO) = 15, 14. M, N Elevated zero maze diagram (M) and the time spent in open arms during the test (N). Unpaired t test, n (WT, cKO) = 15, 14.