Fig. 1: CONSORT diagram illustrating patient selection for analysis.

From a total of 2348 patients with multiple myeloma, exclusions were made for those not undergoing ASCT within 1 year of diagnosis (n = 1191) and those lacking S-phase data (n = 21). The final cohort of 1136 was categorized as S-phase <2% (n = 372), S-phase ≥2% (n = 142), and S-phase not assessable (n = 622). ASCT autologous stem cell transplantation.