Table 1 Comparisons of baseline characteristics of HCC patients who received IATs.

From: Machine learning-based decision support model for selecting intra-arterial therapies for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A national real-world evidence-based study

Characteristic

IAT alone group

IAT combination group

p-value

HAIC

TACE

p-value

(n = 1103)

(n = 1856)

(n = 798)

(n = 1058)

Age (years), n (%)

 ≤65

947 (85.86)

1517 (81.73)

0.004

691 (86.59)

826 (78.07)

<0.001

 >65

156 (14.14)

339 (18.27)

 

107 (13.41)

232 (21.93)

 

Gender, n (%)

 Female

127 (11.51)

241 (12.98)

0.265

90 (11.28)

151 (14.27)

0.067

 Male

976 (88.49)

1615 (87.02)

 

708 (88.72)

907 (85.73)

 

ECOG, n (%)

 0

1026 (93.02)

1724 (92.89)

0.952

714 (89.47)

1010 (95.46)

<0.001

 1

77 (6.98)

132 (7.11)

 

84 (10.53)

48 (4.54)

 

Comorbidity, n (%)

 Absence

964 (87.40)

1650 (88.90)

0.241

691 (86.59)

959 (90.64)

0.007

 Presence

139 (12.60)

206 (11.10)

 

107 (13.41)

99 (9.36)

 

Aetiology, n (%)

 Absence

81 (7.34)

128 (6.90)

0.892

61 (7.64)

67 (6.33)

0.513

 HBV

1009 (91.48)

1705 (91.86)

 

728 (91.23)

977 (92.34)

 

 HCV

13 (1.18)

23 (1.24)

 

9 (1.13)

14 (1.32)

 

Cirrhosis, n (%)

 Absence

65 (5.89)

68 (3.66)

0.006

68 (8.52)

0 (0.00)

<0.001

 Presence

1038 (94.11)

1788 (96.34)

 

730 (91.48)

1058 (100.00)

 

Ascites, n (%)

 Absence

929 (84.22)

1590 (85.67)

0.311

679 (85.09)

911 (86.11)

0.58

 Presence

174 (15.78)

266 (14.33)

 

119 (14.91)

147 (13.89)

 

Tumour diameter, n (%)

 ≤5

75 (6.80)

249 (13.42)

<0.001

48 (6.02)

201 (19.00)

<0.001

 5–10

367 (33.27)

698 (37.61)

 

252 (31.58)

446 (42.16)

 

 >10

661 (59.93)

909 (48.98)

 

498 (62.41)

411 (38.85)

 

Tumour number, n (%)

 1–3

447 (40.53)

971 (52.32)

<0.001

370 (46.37)

601 (56.81)

<0.001

 >3

656 (59.47)

885 (47.68)

 

428 (53.63)

457 (43.19)

 

Vascular invasion, n (%)

 Absence

446 (40.44)

1042 (56.14)

<0.001

348 (43.61)

694 (65.60)

<0.001

 Presence

657 (59.56)

814 (43.86)

 

450 (56.39)

364 (34.40)

 

Metastasis, n (%)

 Absence

744 (67.45)

1355 (73.01)

0.001

523 (65.54)

832 (78.64)

<0.001

 Presence

359 (32.55)

501 (26.99)

 

275 (34.46)

226 (21.36)

 

BCLC, n (%)

 A

129 (11.70)

392 (21.12)

<0.001

108 (13.53)

284 (26.84)

<0.001

 B

196 (17.77)

435 (23.44)

 

134 (16.79)

301 (28.45)

 

 C

778 (70.53)

1029 (55.44)

 

556 (69.67)

473 (44.71)

 

ALB(g/L), n (%)

 ≤35

285 (25.84)

633 (34.11)

<0.001

253 (31.70)

380 (35.92)

0.065

 >35

818 (74.16)

1223 (65.89)

 

545 (68.30)

678 (64.08)

 

ALT (g/L), n (%)

 ≤40

464 (42.07)

823 (44.34)

0.242

338 (42.36)

485 (45.84)

0.147

 >40

639 (57.93)

1033 (55.66)

 

460 (57.64)

573 (54.16)

 

AST (g/L), n (%)

 ≤40

250 (22.67)

502 (27.05)

0.009

164 (20.55)

338 (31.95)

<0.001

 >40

853 (77.33)

1354 (72.95)

 

634 (79.45)

720 (68.05)

 

TBIL (ng/ml), n (%)

 ≤17.1

660 (59.84)

1092 (58.84)

0.619

477 (59.77)

615 (58.13)

0.506

 >17.1

443 (40.16)

764 (41.16)

 

321 (40.23)

443 (41.87)

 

ALBI grade, n (%)

 1

630 (57.12)

928 (50.00)

<0.001

417 (52.26)

511 (48.30)

0.026

 2

468 (42.43)

897 (48.33)

 

374 (46.87)

523 (49.43)

 

 3

5 (0.45)

31 (1.67)

 

7 (0.88)

24 (2.27)

 

PT (ng/ml), n (%)

 ≤13

196 (17.77)

287 (15.46)

0.112

88 (11.03)

199 (18.81)

<0.001

 >13

907 (82.23)

1569 (84.54)

 

710 (88.97)

859 (81.19)

 

INR (ng/ml), n (%)

 ≤1

399 (36.17)

687 (37.02)

0.675

219 (27.44)

468 (44.23)

<0.001

 >1

704 (63.83)

1169 (62.98)

 

579 (72.56)

590 (55.77)

 

PLT (ng/ml), n (%)

 ≤100

114 (10.34)

490 (26.40)

<0.001

46 (5.76)

444 (41.97)

<0.001

 >100

989 (89.66)

1366 (73.60)

 

752 (94.24)

614 (58.03)

 

CRP (ng/ml), n (%)

 ≤30

809 (73.35)

1537 (82.81)

<0.001

605 (75.81)

932 (88.09)

<0.001

 >30

294 (26.65)

319 (17.19)

 

193 (24.19)

126 (11.91)

 

Cre (ng/ml), n (%)

 ≤65

250 (22.67)

279 (15.03)

<0.001

206 (25.81)

73 (6.90)

<0.001

 >65

853 (77.33)

1577 (84.97)

 

592 (74.19)

985 (93.10)

 

Neu (ng/ml), n (%)

 ≤5.5

781 (70.81)

1452 (78.23)

<0.001

607 (76.07)

845 (79.87)

0.056

 >5.5

322 (29.19)

404 (21.77)

 

191 (23.93)

213 (20.13)

 

Ly (ng/ml), n (%)

 ≤1.5

592 (53.67)

1030 (55.50)

0.355

438 (54.89)

592 (55.95)

0.681

 >1.5

511 (46.33)

826 (44.50)

 

360 (45.11)

466 (44.05)

 

NLR, n (%)

 ≤4

531 (48.14)

1064 (57.33)

<0.001

405 (50.75)

659 (62.29)

<0.001

 >4

572 (51.86)

792 (42.67)

 

393 (49.25)

399 (37.71)

 

PLR, n (%)

 ≤112

994 (90.12)

1776 (95.69)

<0.001

722 (90.48)

1054 (99.62)

<0.001

 >112

109 (9.88)

80 (4.31)

 

76 (9.52)

4 (0.38)

 

SII, n (%)

 ≤3000

998 (90.48)

1777 (95.74)

<0.001

723 (90.60)

1054 (99.62)

<0.001

 >3000

105 (9.52)

79 (4.26)

 

75 (9.40)

4 (0.38)

 

AFP (ng/ml), n (%)

 ≤400

134 (12.15)

227 (12.23)

0.994

134 (16.79)

93 (8.79)

<0.001

 >400

969 (87.85)

1629 (87.77)

 

664 (83.21)

965 (91.21)

 

PIVKA (ng/ml), n (%)

 ≤400

199 (18.04)

437 (23.55)

0.001

142 (17.79)

295 (27.88)

<0.001

 >400

904 (81.96)

1419 (76.45)

 

656 (82.21)

763 (72.12)

 

Treatment modality, n (%)

 HAIC

915 (82.96)

798 (43.00)

<0.001

798 (100.00)

0 (0.00)

<0.001

 TACE

188 (17.04)

1058 (57.00)

 

0 (0.00)

1058 (100.00)

 

Local therapy, n (%)

 Absence

833 (75.52)

1462 (78.77)

0.045

651 (81.58)

811 (76.65)

0.012

 Presence

270 (24.48)

394 (21.23)

 

147 (18.42)

247 (23.35)

 
  1. Data are number of patients; data in parentheses are percentage unless otherwise indicated. Data in the bracket was the percentage of patients. The qualitative data in two groups were compared by using the Chi-square test. P value < 0.05 suggests statistically significant differences.
  2. HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, HAIC hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, HBV hepatitis type B viral, AFP α-fetoprotein, ALBI albumin-bilirubin, ALB albumin, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, PT prothrombin time, INR international normalised ratio, TBIL total bilirubin, PLT platelet, BCLC Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, HAIC hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, TACE transarterial chemoembolization, IAT intra-arterial therapies.