Table 3 Fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, lipids and incretins*.

From: High-amylose barley bread improves postprandial glycemia compared to regular barley and wheat bread in subjects with or without type 2 diabetes

 

100% WF (T2D)

100% RB (T2D)

100% LBB (T2D)

100% WF (non-T2D)

100% RB (non-T2D)

100% LBB (non-T2D)

Glucose fasting (mmol/l)

8.2 (7.3, 9.1)

8.2 (7.3, 9.1)

7.9 (7.0, 8.8)

5.7 (5.3, 6.1)

5.7 (5.4, 6.1)

5.7 (5.3, 6.1)

Glucose iAUC (mmol/l*240 min)

948 (781, 1115)a

923 (756, 1090)b

559 (392, 726)a,b

188 (122, 253)x

201 (136, 266)y

136 (71, 201)x,y

Insulin fasting (pmol/l)

39.2 (29.3, 49.1)

40.5 (30.6, 50.4)

41.5 (31.7, 51.4)

31.6 (21.2, 42.0)

33.7 (23.3, 44.0)

33.1 (22.8, 43.5)

Insulin iAUC (nmol/l*240 min)

22.5 (17.8, 27.2)a,b

17.3 (12.6, 21.9)a,c

10.8 (6.1, 15.4)b,c

33.9 (18.1, 49.6)x

25.7 (9.9, 41.4)

13.7 (−2.1, 29.4)x

Glucagon fasting (pg/ml)

6.4 (5.1, 7.8)

7.2 (5.9, 8.6)

7.1 (5.8, 8.5)

5.2 (4.2, 6.2)

5.5 (4.5, 6.5)x

4.6 (3.6, 5.6)x

Glucagon tAUC (pg/ml*240 min)

606 (468, 745)

616 (477, 754)

550 (411, 688)

383 (266, 501)

495 (378, 613)y

286 (169, 404)y

TG fasting (mmol/l)

1.46 (1.07, 1.85)

1.50 (1.11, 1.89)

1.50 (1.11, 1.89)

1.13 (0.96, 1.29)

1.07 (0.91, 1.24)

1.03 (0.87, 1.19)

TG tAUC (mmol/l*240 min)

340 (247, 432)

342 (250, 435)

346 (253, 438)

257 (215, 299)

242 (201, 284)

235 (193, 277)

FFA fasting (mmol/l)

0.64 (0.57, 0.71)

0.67 (0.6, 0.74)

0.70 (0.60, 0.79)

0.60 (0.47, 0.73)

0.59 (0.47, 0.72)

0.55 (0.49, 0.67)

FFA tAUC (mmol/l*240 min)

88.1 (72.5, 103.6)

92.6 (77.0, 108.2)

83.9 (68.3, 99.4)

90.8 (69.0, 112.6)x

88.0 (66.2, 109.8)

70.1 (48.3, 91.9)x

GIP fasting (pmol/l)

7.83 (6.18, 9.48)

9.43 (6.65, 12.20)

9.16 (6.83, 11.49)

7.48 (5.91, 9.05)

7.06 (5.78, 8.34)

7.27 (5.92, 8.62)

GIP iAUC (nmol/l*240 min)

7.4 (6.1, 8.7)a,b

4.9 (3.6, 6.2)a,c

2.6 (1.3, 3.9)b,c

9.6 (7.7, 11.5)x,y

6.7 (4.8, 8.6)x,z

4.5 (2.6, 6.5)y,z

GLP-1 fasting (pmol/l)

5.03 (3.89, 6.16)

4.74 (4.03, 5.45)

4.96 (4.22, 5.70)

3.61 (2.97, 4.27)

3.80 (3.22, 4.39)

3.61 (3.00, 4.23)

GLP-1 iAUC (pmol/l*240 min)

503 (326, 679)

474 (298, 651)

447 (270, 623)

790 (580, 999)x

623 (415, 833)

442 (233, 651)x

  1. *Values are means values ± 95% CI in parentheses. Values with similar subscript letters in same row, divided by group with type 2 diabetes (T2D) (a,b,c) or without T2D (non-T2D) (x,y,z), differ from each other (P < 0.05). FFA free fatty acids, GIP gastric inhibitory polypeptide, GLP-1 glucagon like peptide, iAUC incremental area under curve, LBB lean baking barley (high-amylose barley), RB regular barley, tAUC total area under curve, TG triacylglycerol, WF wheat flour.
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