Table 1 Mean values and associations (univariate analysis) between the ankle brachial index (defined as the ratio of the highest values of ankle systolic blood pressure of both sides divided by the highest value of arm systolic blood pressure of both sides) and systemic parameters in the Ural Eye and Medical Study.
From: Ankle-brachial index and ocular diseases in a Russian population
Parameter | Interval | n | Mean | Non-standardized Regression coefficient B | 95% Confidence Interval of B | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1-year intervals | 3,187 | 57.3 ± 9.7 | −0.001 | −0.002, 0.000 | 0.006 |
Gender | Men/Women | 3,187 | 1765/1422 | 0.04 | 0.03, 0.05 | <0.001 |
Region of habitation | Urban/Rural | 3,187 | 973/2214 | −0.01 | −0.03, 0.003 | 0.11 |
Ethnicity | Non-Russian ethnicity/Russian | 3,187 | 2590/597 | −0.01 | −0.03, 0.01 | 0.18 |
Body height | 1 cm | 3,187 | 166.4 ± 8.8 | −0.002 | −0.002, −0.001 | <0.001 |
Body weight | kg | 3,187 | 76.9 ± 14.6 | −0.002 | −0.002, −0.001 | <0.001 |
Body mass index | kg/m2 | 3,187 | 27.7 ± 4.8 | −0.004 | −0.005, −0.003 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference | cm | 3,187 | 93.9 ± 13.4 | −0.002 | −0.002, −0.001 | <0.001 |
Hip circumference | cm | 3,187 | 102.6 ± 12.8 | −0.001 | −0.001, 0.000 | 0.002 |
Waist/hip circumference ratio | Ratio | 3,187 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | −0.25 | −0.32, −0.18 | <0.001 |
Socioeconomic Score | Score | 3,185 | 5.94 ± 1.24 | 0.009 | 0.004, 0.014 | 0.001 |
Level of education | Illiteracy/Passing 5th grade/8th grade/10th grade/11th grade/Graduates/Specialized secondary education/Post graduates | 3,187 | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 0.005 | 0.000, 0.010 | 0.05 |
Physical activity Score | Score | 3,156 | 9.1 ± 8.4 | 0.001 | 0.000, 0.002 | 0.02 |
Smoking, currently | Yes/No | 3,186 | 459/2727 | −0.006 | −0.02, 0.01 | 0.54 |
Smoking, package years | Number | 3,146 | 4.6 ± 13.1 | 0.000 | −0.001, 0.000 | 0.56 |
Alcohol consumption, any | Yes/No | 3,187 | 923/2264 | 0.02 | 0.005, 0.03 | 0.007 |
In a week how many days do you eat fruits? | Number of days | 3,167 | 5.6 ± 1.8 | 0.002 | −0.002, 0.006 | 0.27 |
In a week how many days do you eat vegetables? | Number of days | 3,183 | 6.4 ± 1.2 | 0.005 | 0.000, 0.010 | 0.06 |
History of cardiovascular disorders including stroke | Yes/No | 3,187 | 792/2,395 | −0.003 | −0.02, 0.01 | 0.67 |
History of angina pectoris | Yes/No | 3,187 | 275/2,912 | 0.03 | 0.002, 0.05 | 0.03 |
History of asthma | Yes/No | 3,187 | 66/3,121 | −0.002 | −0.05, 0.04 | 0.94 |
History of arthritis | Yes/No | 3,187 | 802/2,385 | 0.01 | −0.003, 0.03 | 0.12 |
History of previous bone fractures | Yes/No | 3,187 | 952/2,235 | 0.005 | −0.01, 0.02 | 0.46 |
History of low back pain | Yes/No | 3,187 | 1,627/1,560 | 0.02 | 0.004, 0.03 | 0.009 |
History of thoracic spine pain | Yes/No | 3,187 | 695/2,492 | 0.02 | 0.004, 0.04 | 0.02 |
History of neck pain | Yes/No | 3,187 | 892/2,295 | 0.02 | 0.002, 0.30 | 0.03 |
History of headache | Yes/No | 3,187 | 1,466/1,721 | 0.02 | 0.004, 0.03 | 0.01 |
History of cancer | Yes/No | 3,187 | 77/3,110 | 0.000 | −0.04, 0.04 | 0.99 |
History of dementia | Yes/No | 3,187 | 13/3,174 | −0.04 | −0.14, 0.06 | 0.47 |
History of diarrhea | Yes/No | 3,187 | 10/3,177 | 0.15 | 0.03, 0.27 | 0.01 |
History of iron-deficiency anemia | Yes/No | 3,187 | 141/3,046 | 0.08 | 0.05, 0.11 | <0.001 |
History of low blood pressure and hospital admittance | Yes/No | 3,176 | 98/3,078 | −0.01 | −0.05, 0.02 | 0.45 |
History of osteoarthritis | Yes/No | 3,187 | 593/2594 | 0.03 | 0.008, 0.04 | 0.003 |
History of skin disease | Yes/No | 3,187 | 147/3,040 | 0.02 | −0.01, 0.05 | 0.20 |
History of thyroid disease | Yes/No | 3,187 | 228/2,959 | 0.03 | 0.01, 0.06 | 0.01 |
History of falls | Yes/No | 3,187 | 513/2,674 | 0.01 | −0.01, 0.02 | 0.50 |
History of unconsciousness | Yes/No | 3,187 | 206/2,981 | 0.003 | −0.02, 0.03 | 0.83 |
Age of the last menstrual bleeding | Years | 1,121 | 48.0 ± 5.2 | −0.001 | −0.003, 0.001 | 0.39 |
Age of last regular menstrual bleeding | Years | 1,123 | 47.9 ± 5.2 | −0.001 | −0.003, 0.001 | 0.28 |
History of menopause | Yes/No | 1,409 | 1125/284 | −0.04 | −0.07, −0.01 | 0.003 |
Serum concentration of: | ||||||
Alanine aminotransferase | IU/L | 3,165 | 20.4 ± 11.0 | −0.001 | −0.002, −0.001 | <0.001 |
Aspartate aminotransferase | IU/L | 3,169 | 20.4 ± 9.6 | −0.002 | −0.002, −0.001 | <0.001 |
Aspartate aminotransferase-to- Alanine aminotransferase ratio | Ratio | 3,164 | 1.07 ± 0.51 | −0.004 | −0.02, 0.01 | 0.55 |
Bilirubin, total | µmol/L | 3,170 | 16.2 ± 11.6 | 0.000 | 0.000, 0.001 | 0.69 |
High-density lipoproteins | mmol/L | 3,170 | 2.23 ± 0.78 | −0.002 | −0.01, 0.01 | 0.68 |
Low-density lipoproteins | mmol/L | 3,170 | 2.13 ± 1.08 | −0.001 | −0.01, 0.01 | 0.86 |
Cholesterol | mmol/L | 3,170 | 5.70 ± 1.37 | −0.001 | −0.01, 0.003 | 0.59 |
Triglycerides | mmol/L | 3,169 | 1,37 ± 0.67 | −0.001 | −0.01, 0.01 | 0.78 |
Rheumatoid factor | IU/mL | 3,170 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | −0.01 | −0.03, 0.01 | 0.55 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | Mm/min | 3,170 | 13.4 ± 11.3 | 0.001 | 0.00, 0.002 | 0.001 |
Glucose | mmol/L | 3,170 | 4.99 ± 1.71 | −0.01 | −0.01, −0.003 | <0.001 |
Urea | mmol/L | 3,170 | 4.72 ± 1.36 | −0.01 | −0.01, −0.002 | 0.003 |
Creatinine | µmol/L | 3,161 | 93.0 ± 21.7 | 0.000 | −0.001, 0.000 | 0.002 |
Hemoglobin | g/L | 3,170 | 144.7 ± 14.6 | −0.001 | −0.001, 0.000 | <0.001 |
Erythrocyte count | 106 cells/µL | 3,170 | 4.55 ± 0.38 | −0.04 | −0.05, −0.02 | <0.001 |
Leukocyte count | 109 cells/L | 3,170 | 5.14 ± 1.44 | 0.000 | −0.005, 0.005 | 1.00 |
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus | Yes/No | −0.02 | −0.04, 0.002 | 0.08 | ||
Estimated glomerular filtration rate | 30 mL/min/1.73 m² | 3,161 | 71.8 ± 16.8 | 0.001 | 0.000, 0.001 | 0.006 |
Stage of chronic kidney disease | 0–5 | 3,161 | 21.4 ± 6.8 | −0.001 | −0.002, 0.000 | 0.04 |
Anemia | Yes/No | 3,170 | 220/2950 | 0.03 | 0.000, 0.05 | 0.049 |
Blood pressure, systolic, right arm | mm Hg | 3,187 | 133.5 ± 20.0 | −0.004 | −0.004, −0.004 | <0.001 |
Blood pressure, systolic, left arm | mm Hg | 3,187 | 133.3 ± 20.0 | −0.004 | −0.004, −0.004 | <0.001 |
Blood pressure, systolic, right ankle | mm Hg | 3,187 | 168.0 ± 24.5 | 0.004 | 0.004, 0.004 | <0.001 |
Blood pressure, systolic, left ankle | mm Hg | 3,187 | 166.6 ± 24.6 | 0.004 | 0.004, 0.004 | <0.001 |
Blood pressure, diastolic, right arm | mm Hg | 3,187 | 82.6 ± 10.3 | −0.005 | −0.006, −0.005 | <0.001 |
Blood pressure, diastolic, left arm | mm Hg | 3,187 | 82.1 ± 11.0 | −0.005 | −0.005, −0.004 | <0.001 |
Blood pressure, diastolic, right ankle | mm Hg | 3,187 | 101.8 ± 12.7 | 0.005 | 0.005, 0.006 | <0.001 |
Blood pressure, diastolic, left ankle | mm Hg | 3,187 | 100.9 ± 12.9 | 0.006 | 0.005, 0.006 | <0.001 |
Mean systolic blood pressure (mean of both arms and both legs) | mm Hg | 3,187 | 150.3 ± 19.2 | 0.001 | 0.001, 0.001 | <0.001 |
Mean diastolic blood pressure (mean of both arms and both legs) | mm Hg | 3,187 | 91.8 ± 9.2 | 0.002 | 0.001, 0.003 | <0.001 |
Arterial hypertension | Yes/No | 3,187 | 2788/399 | −0.14 | −0.16, −0.12 | <0.001 |
Arterial hypertension, stage | 0–4 | 3,187 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | −0.06 | −0.07, −0.06 | <0.001 |
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Yes/No | 3,183 | 161/3022 | 0.02 | −0.01, 0.05 | 0.14 |
Hearing loss | Hearing loss score (0–44) | 3,187 | 5.50 ± 11.9 | 0.000 | 0.00, 0.001 | 0.32 |
Depression Score | Depression score unit (range: −4 to +15) | 3,186 | 0.68 ± 3.69 | 0.001 | 0.000, 0.003 | 0.09 |
State-trait anxiety inventory | State-trait anxiety inventory score (range: −7 to 13) | 3,185 | −1.09 ± 3.39 | 0.000 | −0.002, 0.002 | 0.99 |
Manual dynamometry, right hand | dekaNewton | 3,180 | 33.1 ± 12.0 | −0.001 | −0.002, 0.000 | <0.001 |
Manual dynamometry, right hand | dekaNewton | 3,179 | 29.6 ± 11.6 | −0.001 | −0.002, −0.001 | <0.001 |
