Abstract
Background/Objectives
To study the development, evolution, outcomes, and prognostic factors of lamellar macular hole (LMH) in highly myopic (HM) patients.
Methods
Fifty eyes from 47 HM patients with LMHs were retrospectively enrolled. Relevant pre- and post-LMH optical coherence tomography findings and visual acuity were collected. Structural progression was defined as an increase in the height of retinoschisis, and the development of foveal detachment, full-thickness macular hole, or retinal detachment.
Results
Four traction-related developmental processes were identified. Type 1 LMHs (8, 16%) developed from foveal avulsion caused by vitreomacular traction. Type 2 (32, 64%) and type 3 LMHs (5, 10%) formed from ruptured parafoveal and central foveal cysts, respectively. Progressive foveal thinning caused by epiretinal membranes (ERMs) without cystic changes led to type 4 LMHs (5, 10%). Retinoschisis developed before (9 eyes), after (10 eyes), or simultaneously with (6 eyes) the LMH formation. Structural progression was noted in 50%, 53%, 0%, 100% of patients with type 1–4 LMHs, respectively. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model showed that greater residual foveal thickness (P = 0.001, adjusted odds ratio = 0.22, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08 ~ 0.56), and the absence of retinoschisis were protective against structural progression. Multivariable linear regression showed that poor baseline visual acuity (P < 0.001, β = 0.74, 95% CI 0.41 ~ 1.07) and type 4 LMH predicted worse visual outcomes.
Conclusions
Four traction-related LMH developmental processes were observed in HM eyes and exhibited different evolution and outcomes. LMHs with foveal thinning induced by ERMs had the worst outcomes.
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Data availability
The data are available upon reasonable request.
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Design and implantation of the study (YH, CYL, CMY); Collection of the data (YH, CYL, TCH, CHY, CMY); Collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data (YH, CYL, CMY); Drafting of the manuscript (YH); Review, revise, and approval of the manuscript (YH, CYL, TCH, CHY, CMY).
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Hsia, Y., Lee, CY., Ho, TC. et al. The development and evolution of lamellar macular hole in highly myopic eyes. Eye 37, 1170–1177 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-022-02086-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-022-02086-3
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