Table 2 Parameters leading to globe rupture in humans post-mortem.

From: Risks and regulation of rubber scattershot in Switzerland: a narrative review

Author (year)

Object

Diameter (mm)

Mass (g)

Velocity (m/s)

Kinetic energy (J)

Normalised energy (J/m2)

Deloria (1969) [69]

BB

4.5

0.35

71.9

0.91

56 930

Stitzel (2002) [60]

BB

4.5

0.38

85.2

1.36

85 580b

Stitzel (2002) [60]

Baseball

76.1

146.5

34.4

86.7

19 060c

Kennedy (2006) [57]

Aluminium rod

9.25

3.57

42.1

3.17

47 230

Kennedy (2006) [57]

Paintball

17.3

3.13

65.5

6.72

28 600

  1. aCalculated by Kennedy; numbers for velocity and kinetic energy are different in the original paper.
  2. bThe next lower value was about 42 000 J/m2; the threshold would lie anywhere in between.
  3. cThe next lower value was about 14 550 J/m2; again, the threshold would lie in between.
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