Table 3 Parameters leading to ocular lesions in pig eyes in vitro (RD retinal detachment, LD lens dislocation).
From: Risks and regulation of rubber scattershot in Switzerland: a narrative review
Author (year) | Object | Diameter (mm) | Mass (g) | Velocity (m/s) | Kinetic energy (J) | Normalised energy (J/m2) | Damage observed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weidenthal & Schepens (1966) [68] | BB weight drop | presumably 4.5 n/a | 0.345 272 | 66.4 2.4 | 0.76 0.81 | presumably 48 000 n/a | Peripheral retinal breaks or avulsions no such lesions |
Scott (2000) [58] | Steel rod with rounded end | 6.35 | 2.6/3.5 2.6/3.5 3.5 | 23.8/20.7 32.3/26.2 33 | 0.74/0.75 1.36/1.2 1.91 | 23 000 to 24 000 43 000 / 38 000 60 000 | Lens dislocation retinal tears or avulsions no rupture |
Kennedy (2006) [57] | Paintballs BBs | 17.3 4.37 | 3.19 0.34 | 100 95.9 | 16 1.56 | 68 000 104 000 | Globe rupture Globe rupture |
Marshall (2011) [67] | Metal or plastic airsoft BBs (spheres) | 6 6 6 8 | 0.3 0.11 0.25 0.34 | 101 123 99 114 | 1.53 0.83 1.23 2.21 | 54 000 29 000 43 000 44 000 | Globe rupture Globe rupture Globe rupture Globe rupture |
Sponsel (2011) [59] | Paintballs | ca. 17 | 2.1–3.2 | 81–97 | 2 3.5 9.3 10 | 44 000–54 000 | RD, anterior LD Angle recession, posterior LD Choroid segmentation Globe rupture |
