Table 1 Characteristics and DR severity of patients.
Demographics | No DR (n = 176) | Mild NPDR (n = 160) | Moderate NPDR (n = 98) | Severe NPDR (n = 11) | PDR with PRP (n = 41) | PDR without PRP (n = 12) | Total (n = 498) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 65.31 ± 8.34 | 62.58 ± 9.46 | 60.67 ± 9.93 | 52.18 ± 6.48 | 63.66 ± 9.96 | 54.00 ± 8.41 | 65.31 ± 8.34 | <0.001 |
Gender (male %) | 117 (66.5) | 110 (68.8) | 70 (71.4) | 7 (63.6) | 28 (68.3) | 10 (83.3) | 342 (68.7) | 0.857 |
Race (%) | ||||||||
Chinese | 154 (87.5) | 133 (83.1) | 69 (70.4) | 7 (63.6) | 32 (78.0) | 6 (50.0) | 154 (87.5) | <0.001 |
Indian | 13 (7.4) | 18 (11.2) | 12 (12.2) | 6 (14.6) | 5 (41.7) | 13 (7.4) | ||
Malay | 8 (4.5) | 8 (5.0) | 15 (15.3) | 4 (36.4) | 3 (7.3) | 1 (8.3) | 8 (4.5) | |
Others | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (2.0) | 1 (0.6) | ||||
Duration of DM (years) | 16.52 (10.26) | 19.56 (9.99) | 16.02 (8.36) | 14.00 (7.55) | 23.27 (9.52) | 17.58 (9.66) | 16.52 (10.26) | <0.001 |
glucose serum (mmol/L) | 9.44 (4.12) | 10.14 (5.13) | 11.22 (4.20) | 13.02 (5.61) | 10.24 (3.92) | 12.40 (3.72) | 10.25 (4.53) | 0.0023 |
HbA1C (%) | 7.37 (0.97) | 8.10 (1.47) | 8.77 (1.91) | 9.52 (1.77) | 8.00 (1.23) | 9.07 (1.16) | 8.02 (1.51) | <0.001 |
MAP (mmHg) | 97.38 (12.07) | 97.41 (12.73) | 96.10 (12.35) | 106.50 (19.79) | 96.91 (14.61) | 103.65 (18.94) | 97.45 (13.00) | 0.186 |
glucose serum (mmol/L) | 9.44 (4.12) | 10.14 (5.13) | 11.22 (4.20) | 13.02 (5.61) | 10.24 (3.92) | 12.40 (3.72) | 10.25 (4.53) | 0.0023 |
eGFR baseline | 78.68 (20.15) | 78.03 (24.56) | 78.77 (24.94) | 103.41 (8.90) | 75.73 (22.47) | 79.15 (27.33) | 78.80 (23.03) | 0.002 |
Visual acuity (logMAR) | 0.26 (0.20) | 0.32 (0.22) | 0.31 (0.22) | 0.21 (0.17) | 0.34 (0.19) | 0.29 (0.23) | 0.30 (0.21) | 0.063 |
Spherical equivalent (D) | −0.55 (1.93) | −0.74 (1.93) | −0.79 (1.86) | 0.75 (1.35) | −0.45 (1.09) | −1.30 (1.81) | −0.64 (1.85) | 0.069 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.29 (0.87) | 4.37 (1.02) | 4.24 (0.99) | 4.55 (0.54) | 4.24 (0.79) | 4.11 (0.99) | 4.30 (0.93) | 0.058 |
Axial Length | 23.95 (1.07) | 23.96 (1.15) | 24.02 (1.08) | 22.89 (1.01) | 23.76 (0.67) | 23.71 (0.68) | 23.92 (1.07) | 0.056 |
Smoking status (yes, %) | 52 (29.5) | 54 (33.8) | 29 (29.6) | 6 (54.5) | 10 (24.4) | 4 (33.3) | 155 (31.1) | 0.61 |
SBP (mmHg) | 142.81 (21.15) | 144.03 (22.17) | 140.69 (20.87) | 145.77 (26.21) | 145.59 (25.14) | 155.23 (32.92) | 143.38 (22.23) | 0.48 |
