Table 1 Characteristics of the study population and risk factors for lens opacities, by sex and place of residence.
From: Prevalence and risk factors of pre-senile lens opacities in the 1969-73 Vellore Birth Cohort
Variables | Male (n = 578) | Female (n = 497) | Male vs female | Rural vs urban | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural (n = 289) | Urban (n = 289) | Rural (n = 249) | Urban (n = 248) | p value | p value | |
Age (mean, SD) years | 41.9 (0.9) | 41.5 (1.0) | 42.0 (0.9) | 41.7 (1.0) | 0.182 | <0.001 |
Educational status (N, %) | ||||||
Up to middle school | 136 (47.1) | 122 (42.2) | 173 (69.5) | 125 (50.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
High school and above | 153 (52.9) | 167 (57.8) | 76 (30.5) | 122 (49.6) | ||
Household asset score (SES) | ||||||
1 (lowest) | 109 (37.7) | 42 (14.5) | 112 (45.0) | 40 (16.1) | 0.228 | <0.001 |
2 | 72 (24.9) | 65 (22.5) | 51 (20.5) | 47 (19.0) | ||
3 | 65 (22.5) | 80 (27.7) | 57 (22.9) | 74 (29.8) | ||
4 (highest) | 43 (14.9) | 102 (35.3) | 29 (11.7) | 87 (35.1) | ||
Body mass index(kg/m2) (N, %)a | ||||||
<18.5 | 24 (8.3) | 18 (6.3) | 18 (7.2) | 11 (4.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
18.5–24.9 | 155 (53.6) | 124 (43.1) | 104 (41.8) | 63 (25.4) | ||
25.0–29.9 | 94 (32.5) | 108 (37.5) | 85 (34.1) | 96 (38.7) | ||
≥30.0 | 16 (5.5) | 38 (13.2) | 42 (16.9) | 78 (31.5) | ||
Physical activity score (median, IQR) | 1290 (825, 1498) | 1015 (780, 1410) | 1758 (1438, 2114) | 1640 (1333,2042) | <0.001 | 0.014 |
Smoking status (N, %) Yes | 70 (24.2) | 117 (40.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Alcohol status (N, %) Yes | 151 (52.3) | 109 (37.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
Hours outside home (N, %) | ||||||
1–4 h | 109 (37.7) | 35 (12.1) | 160 (64.3) | 58 (23.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
5–9 h | 128 (44.3) | 52 (17.9) | 61 (24.5) | 8 (3.2) | ||
10 and above | 52 (18.0) | 202 (70.0) | 28 (11.2) | 182 (73.4) | ||
Cooking fuel (N, %) | ||||||
Liquefied petroleum gas | 206 (71.3) | 255 (88.2) | 184 (73.9) | 214 (86.3) | 0.826 | 0.826 |
Wood | 78 (27.0) | 18 (6.2) | 62 (24.9) | 16 (6.5) | ||
Others (kerosene, biogas) | 5 (1.7) | 16 (5.6) | 3 (1.2) | 18 (7.3) | ||
Hip circumference (mean, SD) cm | 89.2 (7.2) | 92.7 (8.6) | 92.7 (10.3) | 99.3 (11.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (mean, SD) cm | 87.8 (11.1) | 92.2 (12.1) | 81.7 (12.0) | 87.5 (11.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Waist hip ratio | 0.98 (0.06) | 0.99 (0.06) | 0.88 (0.08) | 0.88 (0.07) | <0.001 | 0.25 |
HbA1C (N, %) | ||||||
<6.5% | 246 (85.1) | 248 (85.8) | 229 (92.0) | 217 (87.9) | 0.028 | 0.446 |
≥6.5% | 43 (14.9) | 41 (14.2) | 20 (8.0) | 30 (12.1) | ||
Hypertension (N, %) | ||||||
Yes | 77 (26.6) | 84 (29.1) | 33 (13.3) | 39 (15.7) | <0.001 | 0.328 |
Intraocular pressure (mean, SD) | ||||||
Right eye Left eye | 13.4 (3.0) | 13.9(3.0) | 13.0(2.9) | 13.9(2.8) | 0.346 | 0.0002 |
13.6 (3.1) | 14.2(3.0) | 13.5(3.0) | 14.1(2.8) | 0.630 | 0.004 | |
Lens opacity type (N, %) | ||||||
No opacity | 239 (82.7) | 252 (87.2) | 224 (90.0) | 213 (85.9) | 0.522 | 0.709 |
Nuclear | 28 (9.7) | 22 (7.6) | 14 (5.6) | 24 (9.7) | ||
Cortical | 11 (3.8) | 6 (2.1) | 5 (2.0) | 3 (1.2) | ||
Posterior | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.8) | ||
Mixed | 9 (3.1) | 8 (2.8) | 5 (2.8) | 6 (2.4) | ||
Any lens opacity (N, %) | 50 (17.3) | 37 (12.8) | 26 (10.4) | 35 (14.1) | 0.187 | 0.732 |
