Table 2 Univariate and multivariable analysis of risk factors for lens opacity.
From: Prevalence and risk factors of pre-senile lens opacities in the 1969-73 Vellore Birth Cohort
Risk factors | Lens opacity (LOCS III) (n = 1075) | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absent (n = 927) n (%) | Present (n = 148) n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p- value | OR (95% CI) | p- value | |
Age (mean, SD) years | 41.8 (1.0) | 41.8 (0.9) | 1.09 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.36 | 1.10 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.32 |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 491 (84.9) | 87 (15.1) | 1.27 (0.9, 1.8) | 0.19 | 1.17 (0.7, 1.9) | 0.54 |
Female | 433 (87.7) | 61 (12.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Education (N, %) | ||||||
Up to middle school | 494 (88.9) | 62 (11.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
High school and above | 433 (83.4) | 86 (16.6) | 1.58 (1.1, 2.2) | 0.01 | 1.34 (0.9, 1.9) | 0.16 |
Household assets (SES) (N, %) | ||||||
1 (lowest) | 266 (87.8) | 37 (2.2) | 1.00 | 0.02c | 1.00 | |
2 | 209 (88.9) | 26 (11.1) | 0.89 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.71 (0.4, 1.3) | 0.28 | |
3 | 241 (87.3) | 35 (12.7) | 1.04 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.63 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.16 | |
4 (highest) | 211 (80.8) | 50 (19.2) | 1.70 (1.1, 2.7) | 1.01 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.98 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) (N, %)b | ||||||
<18.5 | 63 (88.7) | 8 (11.3) | 0.74 (0.3, 1.6) | 0.94 (0.4, 2.1) | 0.88 | |
18.5-24.9 | 381 (85.4) | 65 (14.6) | 1.00 | 0.67c | 1.00 | |
25.0–29.9 | 336 (87.7) | 47 (12.3) | 0.82 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.64 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.05 | |
≥30.0 | 146 (83.9) | 28 (16.1) | 1.12 (0.7, 1.8) | 0.84 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.54 | |
Physical activity score, median | 1425 | 1320 | 0.99 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.098 | 0.99 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.69 |
(IQR) | (1011, 835) | (910, 1746) | ||||
Current smoking (N, %) | ||||||
No | 764 (86.0) | 124 (14.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 163 (87.2) | 24 (12.8) | 0.91 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.68 | 0.75 (0.4, 1.3) | 0.31 |
Alcohol consumption (N, %) | ||||||
No | 705 (86.5) | 110 (13.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 222 (85.4) | 38 (14.6) | 1.10 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.650 | 0.91 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.72 |
Hours outdoors (N, %) | ||||||
1–4 | 308 (85.1)) | 54 (14.9) | 1.00 | 0.84c | 1.00 | |
5–9 | 225 (90.4) | 24 (9.6) | 0.61 (0.4, 1.0) | 0.56 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.05 | |
10 and above | 394 (84.9) | 70 (15.1) | 1.01 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.99 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.95 | |
Cooking fuel used (N, %) | ||||||
Liquefied petroleum gas | 736 (85.7) | 123 (14.3) | 2.17 (0.7, 7.1) | 0.20 | 1.75 (0.5, 6.0) | 0.38 |
Wood | 152 (87.4) | 22 (12.6) | 1.88 (0.5, 6.6) | 0.32 | 1.99 (0.5, 7.4) | 0.30 |
Others | 39 (92.9) | 3 (7.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
History of asthma (N, %) | ||||||
Yes | 20 (60.6) | 13 (39.4) | 4.36 (2.1, 8.9) | <0.001 | 4.51 (2.1, 9.7) | <0.001 |
No | 906 (87.0) | 135 (13.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
HbA1c (N, %) | ||||||
<6.5% | 828 (88.1) | 112 (11.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
≥6.5% | 98 (73.1) | 36 (26.9) | 2.72 (1.8, 4.2) | <0.001 | 2.29 (1.4, 3.7) | 0.001 |
Hypertension (N, %) | ||||||
Yes | 184 (79.0) | 49 (21.0) | 2.00 (1.4, 2.9) | <0.001 | 1.73 (1.1, 2.7) | 0.015 |
No (ref) | 743 (88.2) | 99 (11.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Axial length (mm), mean (SD) | 22.9 (0.9) | 23.0 (1.0) | 1.16 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.11 | 1.17 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.13 |
