Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants

Age (year)

45.96 ± 9.40

44.42 ± 9.96

45.57 ± 10.80

43.00 ± 11.17

37.85 ± 10.06

<0.001

Male,%

1,436 (94.0)

1,208 (93.7)

3,869 (87.5)

5,732 (76.3)

1,332 (32.5)

<0.001

Heart rate (beats/min)

76.66 ± 10.72

75.70 ± 9.79

74.61 ± 9.98

73.07 ± 9.32

72.37 ± 8.82

<0.001

   SBP (mmHg)

138.47 ± 18.59

136.96 ± 18.33

131.54 ± 17.85

124.25 ± 16.93

111.18 ± 13.03

<0.001

   DBP (mmHg)

90.21 ± 11.73

89.73 ± 11.09

85.43 ± 11.01

81.28 ± 10.30

73.73 ± 8.48

<0.001

Education level, n,%

<0.001

   Illiteracy/primary

90 (6.0)

89 (6.9)

235 (5.4)

281 (3.8)

51 (1.2)

   Middle school

1,291 (85.7)

1,082 (84.3)

3,762 (86.0)

6,300 (84.5)

3,017 (73.7)

   University/college

125 (8.3)

112 (8.7)

378 (8.6)

876 (11.7)

1,024 (25.0)

Income, n,%

0.001

    <1000¥

1,248 (82.8)

1,044 (81.9)

3,601 (82.5)

6,067 (82.1)

3,151 (79.3)

    ≥1000¥

260 (17.2)

230 (18.1)

763 (17.5)

1327 (17.9)

821 (20.7)

Alcohol consumption, n,%

1,065 (70.7)

858 (66.9)

2,258 (51.5)

2,983 (40.0)

860 (21.0)

<0.001

Antihypertensive drugs, n,%

311 (20.4)

167 (13.0)

439 (9.9)

353 (4.7)

26 (0.6)

<0.001

Hypoglycemic drugs, n,%

113 (7.4)

45 (3.5)

144 (3.3)

71 (0.9)

5 (0.1)

<0.001

Lipid-lowering drugs, n,%

958 (62.7)

692 (53.7)

1,520 (34.4)

1,702 (22.7)

417 (10.2)

<0.001

Baseline CVHS

4.98 ± 1.41

5.68 ± 1.12

7.55 ± 1.29

9.06 ± 1.33

11.05 ± 1.10

<0.001

   CVHS in visit 1

5.01 ± 1.43

5.65 ± 1.13

7.64 ± 1.27

9.10 ± 1.33

11.07 ± 1.08

<0.001

   CVHS in visit 2

4.84 ± 1.42

6.13 ± 1.28

7.21 ± 1.29

8.95 ± 1.34

11.15 ± 1.13

<0.001

   CVHS in visit 3

4.79 ± 1.41

6.97 ± 1.37

6.86 ± 1.37

8.91 ± 1.30

10.96 ± 1.14

<0.001

   CVHS in visit 4

4.98 ± 1.41

8.21 ± 1.29

6.69 ± 1.33

8.97 ± 1.29

10.88 ± 1.14

<0.001

   CVHS in visit 5

4.73 ± 1.56

8.24 ± 1.18

5.74 ± 1.33

8.16 ± 1.52

10.68 ± 1.44

<0.001

Follow-up (year)

8.76 ± 2.14

8.58 ± 2.09

8.41 ± 2.28

8.15 ± 2.25

7.29 ± 2.29

<0.001