Fig. 3: Electrochemical performance of G-RuCo electrocatalysts in 1.0 M KOH with 2000 ppm NO3− electrolyte.

a, b NH3-FEs and corresponding current density-voltage curves of G-RuCo, NG-RuCo, Co and Ru electrocatalysts at different potentials with 50% iR correction (the value of solution resistance is 1.8 Ω). Measurements were taken at least three times and the average FE valves are presented with the standard deviation as error bars. c Corresponding NH3 production rate and partial current density of G-RuCo and NG-RuCo. d Redependence of nitrate concentration on the reaction time on G-RuCo at −0.1 V vs. RHE. e Long-term electrocatalytic stability test of the NRA over G-RuCo at −300 mA/cm2 using a continuous-flow system in an H-cell. Black arrows indicate the renewal of fresh electrolytes.