Fig. 5: Characterization of reduced catalyst samples via DRIFTS and SSITKA.

a CO DRIFTS at −100 °C measured on Ni/dBeta samples and NiO reference pretreated with 4% H2/Ar at 500 °C, after 10 min CO adsorption and 10 min desorption by Ar flushing. b Resident time (τ) measured by SSITKA at 450 °C, reactant flow of 66 mL min−1, 88 mL min−1, and 110 mL min−1 9.1% CO2, 9.1% H2 balanced by He (1% Ar as internal standard).