Fig. 4: The characterizations of anodic catalysts.

a The model of NiO and Ni/NiO; b The XRD patterns of NiO Air500, NiO Ar500 and NiO HA500; c the SEM image of NiO HA500; d the TEM image of NiO HA500; e the TEM EDX mapping of NiO HA500 (blue indicating Ni, pink indicating O); f the HRTEM image of NiO HA500; the XPS spectra of Ni 2p g and O 1 s h for NiO Air500, NiO Ar500 and NiO HA500. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.