Fig. 3: X-ray scintillation performance of the developed radical emitters.

a Simulated X-ray absorption spectra of TTM-1Cz and TTM-1CzBr. b RL spectra of 5 wt% TTM-1Cz/PSF and 8 wt% TTM-1CzBr/PSF films. c RL intensity comparison of a BGO single crystal film (1 mm thickness), and 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(3,6-di-t-butylcarbazol-9-yl)-1,4-dicyanobenzene (4CzTPN-Bu) (8 wt%), anthracene (8 wt%), TTM-1Cz (5 wt%), TTM-1CzBr (8 wt%) doped PSF films (∼0.1 mm thickness) under the same excitation conditions. d RL spectra of 8 wt% TTM-1CzBr/PSF film under different X-ray dose rates from 0.013 to 278 μGy s–1. Inset: linear behavior of RL intensity for 8 wt% TTM-1CzBr/PSF film as a function of excitation dose rates. e The X-ray photostability for 5 wt% TTM-1Cz/PSF and 8 wt% TTM-1CzBr/PSF films under continuous irradiation (top) and repeated on-off cycles (bottom) at a dose rate of 210 mGy s–1 under ambient conditions.