Fig. 2: Exploration of extra-anion transportation in superlattice P-V2O5 in RABs.

Schematic illustrations of (a) cation (Al3+) shuttling in conventional cathodes and (b) the anion (AlCl4−) and cation (Al3+) co-(de)intercalation in superlattice electrodes; the superlattice cathode exhibits more stable structure than the conventional electrode. c Schematic process of active ions intercalating into designed superlattice cathode with corresponding energy barriers. d Simulated voltage profile of extra anion inserted into P-V2O5 system. e Finite element simulation of anion diffusion in superlattice P-V2O5.