Fig. 3: Investigation of structural stability of P-V2O5 with in-situ characterization.

a Calculated adsorption energy of AlCl4− intercalation of the conventional V2O5 and superlattice P-V2O5. b Differential charge density of pristine V2O5 and superlattice P-V2O5. c Experimental cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves for designed superlattice P-V2O5 cathode. d Finite element simulation of von Mises stress distribution in superlattice P-V2O5. e Long-term cycling of P-V2O5 at a high current density of 2.0 A g−1. In-situ Raman spectra for (f), the discharging process with the related magnified O-O, and AlCl4− spectral profiles, and (g) charging process with the related magnified O-O, and AlCl4− spectral profiles.