Fig. 5: Electrocatalytic performance and application studies.

a The LSV curves of A-Co-Ni2P catalyst without iR compensation (internal resistance: 0.7 ± 0.2 Ω). b Comparison of the electrocatalytic organic oxidation performance for the developed catalyst in this work with recently reported electrocatalysts. c The conversion of HMF and the yield of FDCA. The error bars correspond to the standard deviation of three independent measurements. d The values of WE and \({W}_{{{\mbox{H}}}_{2}}\) during the process of HMFOR and the OER over A-Co-Ni2P catalyst. e Digital photo of the MEA electrolyzer. f The visualized MEA setup for HMFOR and HER (AEM: anion exchange membrane). g The LSV curves of A-Co-Ni2P catalyst in the MEA (internal resistance: 0.3 ± 0.1 Ω). h Stability measurements for the MEA electrolyzer at 1.8 V over A-Co-Ni2P in 1 M KOH containing 0.1 M HMF.