Fig. 3: Symmetric cell and NTWO|LPSCl|NMC811 performance.

a The measurement results of the overpotential according to the current density ranging from 20 to 60 mA cm⁻² for the lithiated NTWO|LPSCl|NTWO symmetric cell at 25 °C. The areal capacity was maintained at a fixed value of 0.25 mAh cm⁻² throughout the test. b Rate capability at 60 °C for NTWO||NCM811 cell (positive electrode loading level = 27.5 mg cm⁻²), and c corresponding voltage profile. d Assessment of long cycle stability at a current density of 14.85 mA cm⁻² (positive electrode loading level = 27.5 mg cm⁻²), and e at a current density of 45 mA cm⁻² at 60 °C (positive electrode loading level = 25 mg cm⁻²). Stacked pressure during cycling is 60 MPa.