Fig. 2: Effects of late spring frost events (LSF) on flowering for different species groups using four phenological observation datasets.
From: Flowering in the Northern Hemisphere is delayed by frost after leaf-out
∆DOY indicates ΔDOYflowering,LSF. a–b The distributions of ∆DOY in the presence and absence of LSF and the estimates of ∆DOY and se (in parentheses) for early-leafing (a) and late-leafing species (b) using linear mixed models, respectively. c Differences in ∆DOY between early- and late-leafing species in the presence and absence of LSF. In a-c, Y and N indicate the presence and absence of LSF for each species in each year at each site, respectively. The asterisks indicate a significant difference (two-side t-test, p < 0.05) in ∆DOY using linear mixed models (Supplementary Data 9). In c, the black dashed line denotes when ∆DOY equals to zero. The boxes span from the first to the third quartile, with intermediate values marked as the black lines in the middle of the boxes. The whiskers extend from the 5th to the 95th percentile. Values beyond the whiskers are hidden. In the presence of LSF, there are 39,350 matched observations in the early-leafing group and 24,615 in the late-leafing group. In the absence of LSF, these numbers are 91,290 and 131,112, respectively. Source data are provided in Source Data Fig. 2.
