Fig. 6: The universality of selenization induced straining and phasing on boosting the 2e‒ ORR performance.

a XRD patterns of different catalysts before and after selenization. Insets are the corresponding surface structural evolution before and after selenization. b, c RRDE voltammograms in O2-saturated 0.1 M HClO4 for catalysts before and after selenization of (b) Pd NPs and Se‒Pd NPs, (c) commercial Pt/C and Se‒commercial Pt/C (without iR corrected). d Comparison of the selectivity (%) and (e) average transferred electrons (n) calculated from the RRDE polarization curves of catalysts before and after selenization. The shaded area represents the error bar derived from three independent measurements.