Fig. 3: Dynamic evolution of CuCPs.

a, b SECM feedback images of H-CuCP catalyst before and after CO2RR. c, d SECM feedback images of pentyl-CuCP catalyst before and after CO2RR. e, f In-situ Raman spectra of H- and pentyl-CuCP. g The Cu K-edge XANES for H-, pentyl-CuCP, Cu foil, Cu2O, and CuO references. h The Cu-Cu CNs of H- and pentyl-CuCP at different current densities and times. i The free energy changes for the dissociation of in H-, pentyl- and nonyl-CuCPs. The electrolyte used in all electrochemical measurements is 0.1 M KHCO3. The potentials in (e) and (f) are non-iR corrected. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.