Fig. 4: Restructuring-steered C2+ product disparities.

a, b Reaction profile for C2H4 path and C2H5OH path on Cu(111) (a) and Ag-Cu interface (b). Insets show the schematic configurations of key intermediates, where the brown, sliver, gray, white and red circles represent for Cu, Ag, C, H and O atoms, respectively. c The free energy evolution of *OCHCH2 intermediate towards either C2H4 + O* (O-C bond cleavage) or *OCHCH3 (further hydrogenation) on Cu(111) with an increasing *CO coverage from 0 to 2/9 ML. d For *OCHCH2, the difference of ∆G between O-C bond cleavage and further hydrogenation, denoted as ∆∆G, as a function of the oxygen binding energy ∆G(O) on pure Cu and Cu-Ag interface with different *CO coverages. e The schematic illustration of the electrocatalytic pathway for C2H4 (left) and C2H5OH (right). f, g Operando ATR-SEIRAS spectra of Ag0.25-Cu0.75 (f) and Ag0.5-Cu0.5 (g) at OCP and variable cathodic potentials (V vs. RHE) in a CO2-saturated 0.1 M KHCO3.