Fig. 3: Operando studies on the redox behaviour of Cu and Pt in different catalysts.

a operando Cu K-edge XAFS, signal intensity of the Cu+ 1s-4p transition peak at 8982 eV in a NH3/O2 atmosphere at different temperatures; b operando Pt L3-edge, signal intensity of the white line of the Pt L3-edge at 11567 eV in a NH3/O2 atmosphere at different temperatures (reaction conditions: 5000 ppm NH3, 5% O2 balanced in He, gas flow: 100 mL/min); c H2-TPR of different catalysts; operando Cu K-edge XANES spectra of PtSCu/Al2O3 (d), PtNCu/Al2O3 (e) and CuO/Al2O3 (f) in different gases at 200 °C; in situ NAP-NEXAFS spectra, Cu L-edge (AEY mode) of different catalysts at 200 °C under NH3 (g) or NH3/O2 (h) atmospheres; i Cu L-edge (AEY mode) of PtSCu/Al2O3 under various gas atmospheres at 200 °C (gas pressure 1 mbar).