Fig. 6: Schematic diagram of the degradation behavior of active layers on ZnO and the working mechanism of BHT@ZnO in improving the stability of OPV.

Left (red area): Four potential mechanisms of ROS generation in ZnO under light illumination, along with the degradation pathways of both the BDT-based donor and NFA small molecule acceptor catalyzed by ·O2− and ·OH, respectively. Right (blue area): Surface passivation of ZnO by BHT and its effects on reducing O2/H2O adsorption and scavenging ROS.