Fig. 3: Characterizations of the IR PDMS.

a Single transferred charges of treated and untreated PMDS films after liquid-solid CE saturation. b, c XPS results of PDMS-FeCl3 and untreated PDMS. d Ion distributions of Fe3+ (blue) and Cl- (green) on the PDMS-FeCl3 film before and after liquid-solid CE saturation. e Principle of ion-rich interface enhancing the output voltage of the GBM-IR PDMS-based triboelectric sensor. f Comparison in current of the GBM-IR PDMS-based triboelectric sensor and GBM PDMS-based triboelectric sensor. g Comparison in charge density of the GBM-IR PDMS-based triboelectric sensor and GBM PDMS-based triboelectric sensor. h The output voltage and power density of the GBM-IR PDMS-based triboelectric sensor with various loads. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.