Fig. 2: Atomic structural analysis and formation mechanism of 3DOM-NS.

a AIMD simulation for the phase transformation process (snapshot images about 8.5 ps of AIMD simulations). White, silver, red, blue and pink balls represent H, C, O, Co and N atoms, respectively; (b) Variations of Co-N and Co-O bonds during the AIMD simulation; (c) Co K-edge XANES spectra, (d) FT k3-weighted EXAFS curves and (e) wavelet-transformed k3-weighted EXAFS spectra of 3DOM Co-OHNS, SOM ZIF-67 and reference samples; (f) EDS element mapping images and the corresponding crystalline structures of 3DOM Co-SNS, 3DOM Co-ONS, 3DOM Co-PNS, 3DOM Co-SeNS, 3DOM NiCo-OHNS, 3DOM FeCo-OHNS, 3DOM CuCo-OHNS and 3DOM ZnCo-OHNS. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.